10 USC Subtitle D, PART III: TRAINING

From Title 10—ARMED FORCESSubtitle D—Air Force and Space Force

PART III—TRAINING

Chap.

Sec.

951.

Training Generally

9401

953.

United States Air Force Academy

9431

957.

Schools and Camps

9481

959.

Civil Air Patrol

9491

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(e)(2), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1834, redesignated items for chapters 901 to 909 as 951 to 959 and redesignated section numbers 9301 to 9441 as 9401 to 9491.

2016—Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XII, §1241(o)(8), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2512, struck out item for chapter 905 "Aviation Leadership Program".

1993—Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XI, §1178(c), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1769, added item for chapter 905.

1964—Pub. L. 88–647, title III, §301(27), Oct. 13, 1964, 78 Stat. 1073, struck out item for chapter 905.

CHAPTER 951—TRAINING GENERALLY

Sec.

9401.

Members of Air Force and Space Force: detail as students, observers, and investigators at educational institutions, industrial plants, and hospitals.

9402.

Enlisted members of Air Force or Space Force: schools.

9403.

Aviation cadets and aviation students: schools.

9404.

Aviation students: detail of enlisted members of Air Force.

9405.

Civilian flying school instructors: instruction at Air Force training commands.

9406.

Service schools: leaves of absence for instructors.

9413.

United States Air Force Institute of Technology: establishment.

9414.

Degree granting authority for United States Air Force Institute of Technology.

9414a.

United States Air Force Institute of Technology: admission of certain private sector civilians.

9414b.

United States Air Force Institute of Technology: administration.

9415.

Community College of the Air Force: associate degrees.

9417.

Degree granting authority for Air University.

9419.

Recruit basic training: separate housing for male and female recruits.

9420.

Recruit basic training: privacy.

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior chapter 951, consisting of sections 9801 to 9806, related to military claims, prior to renumbering as chapter 981 of this title.

Amendments

2021—Pub. L. 117–81, div. A, title V, §558(b), title X, §1081(a)(35), (36), Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 1741, 1921, added item 9413 and reenacted items 9401 and 9402.

Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title IX, §923(d)(1)(D), (2)(C), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3813, 3814, added items 9401 and 9402 and struck out former items 9401 "Members of Air Force: detail as students, observers, and investigators at educational institutions, industrial plants, and hospitals" and 9402 "Enlisted members of Air Force: schools".

2018—Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(d)(2), (e)(1), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1833, redesignated chapter 901 of this title as this chapter and items 9301 to 9306, 9314, 9314a, 9314b, 9315, 9317, 9319, and 9320 as 9401 to 9406, 9414, 9414a, 9414b, 9415, 9417, 9419, and 9420, respectively.

2017—Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title V, §581(d)(2), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1415, added item 9314a and struck out former item 9314a "United States Air Force Institute of Technology: admission of defense industry civilians".

2011—Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title V, §554(b), Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1415, added item 9314b.

Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title V, §593(b), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4234, added item 9314a.

2008—Pub. L. 110–417, [div. A], title III, §353(b), title V, §543(h)(2), (i)(2), Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4425, 4464, 4465, added items 9314 and 9317 and struck out former items 9314 "United States Air Force Institute of Technology", 9316 "Training and support for A–10 aircraft", and 9317 "Air University: conferral of degrees".

2004—Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title V, §556(c)(2), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1915, substituted "conferral of degrees" for "graduate-level degrees" in item 9317.

1999—Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title V, §543(b)(2), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 607, substituted "graduate-level degrees" for "master of airpower art and science" in item 9317.

1998—Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title V, §§521(c)(2), 522(c)(2), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2012, 2013, added items 9319 and 9320.

1994—Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title IX, §913(a)(2), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2828, added item 9317.

1991—Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title X, §1061(a)(25), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1474, struck out section symbol before "9316" in item 9316.

1990—Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §1439(d), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1689, added item 9316.

1985—Pub. L. 99–145, title V, §504(a)(2)(B), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 622, struck out ": degrees" after "Technology" in item 9314.

1976—Pub. L. 94–361, title VI, §602, July 14, 1976, 90 Stat. 928, added item 9315.

§9401. Members of Air Force and Space Force: detail as students, observers, and investigators at educational institutions, industrial plants, and hospitals

(a) The Secretary of the Air Force may detail members of the Air Force and members of the Space Force as students at such technical, professional, and other civilian educational institutions, or as students, observers, or investigators at such industrial plants, hospitals, and other places, as are best suited to enable them to acquire knowledge or experience in the specialties in which it is considered necessary that they perfect themselves.

(b) An officer, other than one of the Regular Air Force on the active-duty list, or one of the Space Force in a space force active status not on sustained duty, who is detailed under subsection (a) shall be ordered to additional active duty immediately upon termination of the detail, for a period at least as long as the detail. However, if the detail is for 90 days or less, the officer may be ordered to that additional duty only with his consent and in the discretion of the Secretary.

(c) No Reserve of the Air Force or member of the Space Force in a space force active status not on sustained duty may be detailed as a student, observer, or investigator, or ordered to active duty under this section, without the member's consent and, if a member of the Air National Guard of the United States, without the approval of the governor or other appropriate authority of the State, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia, Guam, or the Virgin Islands of whose Air National Guard the Reserve is a member.

(d) The Secretary may require, as a condition of a detail under subsection (a), that an enlisted member accept a discharge and be reenlisted in his component for at least three years.

(e) The total length of details of an enlisted member of the Air Force or the Space Force under subsection (a) during one enlistment period may not exceed 50 percent of that enlistment.

(f) At no time may more than 8 percent of the authorized strength in commissioned officers, 8 percent of the authorized strength in warrant officers, or 2 percent of the authorized strength in enlisted members, of the Regular Air Force or of Space Force members on sustained duty, or more than 8 percent of the actual strength in commissioned officers, 8 percent of the actual strength in warrant officers, or 2 percent of the actual strength in enlisted members, of the total of reserve components of the Air Force or of Space Force members in an active status not on sustained duty, be detailed as students under subsection (a). For the purposes of this subsection, the actual strength of each category of Reserves includes both members on active duty and those not on active duty.

(g) Expenses incident to the detail of members under this section shall be paid from any funds appropriated for the Department of the Air Force.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 559, §9301; Pub. L. 93–169, Nov. 29, 1973, 87 Stat. 689; Pub. L. 96–513, title V, §504(23), Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2917; Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title XII, §1234(a)(1), Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2059; Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title X, §1057(a)(9), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3441; renumbered §9401, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title IX, §923(d)(1)(A)–(C), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3813; Pub. L. 117–81, div. A, title X, §1081(a)(35), Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 1921; Pub. L. 118–31, div. A, title XVII, §1721(b), Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 666.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9301(a) 9301(b) 9301(c) 9301(d) 9301(e) 9301(f). 9301(g)	5:626q (1st 78 words). 5:626q (less 1st 78 words, and less provisos). 5:626q (1st proviso). 5:626q (words of 2d proviso before semicolon). 5:626q (words of 2d proviso after semicolon). 5:626q (last proviso). 5:626r.	June 3, 1916, ch. 134, §127a (13th par.); added June 4, 1920, ch. 227, subch. I, §51 (13th par.); restated June 8, 1926, ch. 495; May 13, 1941, ch. 113; June 30, 1941, ch. 262 (4th proviso under "Finance Department"); restated June 19, 1948, ch. 501, §1, 62 Stat. 477.
		June 19, 1948, ch. 501, §§2, 3, 62 Stat. 478.

In subsection (a), the words "members of the Air Force" are substituted for the words "personnel of the Air Force of the United States, without regard to component".

In subsection (b), the words "is detailed under subsection (a)" are substituted for the words "receives such instruction". The words "as long as the detail" are substituted for the words "equal to the duration of his period of instruction". The words "However, if the detail is for" are substituted for the words "except that where the duration of such training is". The words "other than one of the Regular Air Force on the active list" are inserted, since members of the Regular Air Force on the active list are on continuous active duty. The word "additional" is inserted, since the detail under this section is active duty. The words "the officer may be ordered to that additional duty" are substituted for the words "such subsequent active duty may * * * the officer concerned".

In subsection (c), the words "of whose Air National Guard he is a member" are substituted for the words "whichever is concerned".

In subsection (d), the words "as a condition of a detail under subsection (a)" are substituted for the words "prior to his detail pursuant to the provisions of this paragraph". The words "accept the discharge" are substituted for the words "be discharged".

In subsection (e), the words "during an enlistment" are inserted for clarity.

In subsection (f), the last sentence is substituted for 5:626q (words within parentheses of last proviso).

In subsection (g), the words "under this section" are substituted for 5:626r (9th through 41st words).

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2023—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 118–31, §1721(b)(1), struck out "or the Regular Space Force" after "Regular Air Force" and inserted "or one of the Space Force in a space force active status not on sustained duty," after "on the active-duty list,".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 118–31, §1721(b)(2), substituted "or member of the Space Force in a space force active status not on sustained duty" for "or Reserve of the Space Force" and "the member's consent" for "the Reserve's consent".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 118–31, §1721(b)(3), substituted "of Space Force members on sustained duty" for "the Regular Space Force" and "of Space Force members in an active status not on sustained duty" for "the Space Force Reserve".

2021—Pub. L. 117–81 inserted a comma after "observers" in section catchline.

Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(1)(C), substituted "Members of Air Force and Space Force: detail as students, observers and investigators at educational institutions, industrial plants, and hospitals" for "Members of Air Force: detail as students, observers, and investigators at educational institutions, industrial plants, and hospitals" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(1)(A)(i), inserted "and members of the Space Force" after "members of the Air Force".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(1)(A)(ii), inserted "or the Regular Space Force" after "Regular Air Force".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(1)(A)(iii), (B), inserted "or Reserve of the Space Force" after "Reserve of the Air Force" and substituted "the Reserve's" for "his" and "the Reserve" for "he".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(1)(A)(iv), inserted "or the Space Force" after "Air Force".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(1)(A)(v)(II), which directed amendment by inserting "or the Space Force Reserve" after "the reserve components of the Air Force", was executed by making the insertion after "the total of reserve components of the Air Force" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(1)(A)(v)(I), inserted "or the Regular Space Force" after "Regular Air Force".

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9301 of this title as this section.

2006—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–163 substituted "State, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia, Guam, or the Virgin Islands" for "State or Territory, Puerto Rico, or the District of Columbia".

1988—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–456 struck out "the Canal Zone," after "Puerto Rico,".

1980—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–513 substituted "active-duty list" for "active list".

1973—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93–169 struck out provisions which limited to four years the maximum period for which an officer detailed for additional active duty upon termination of detail is required to serve.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–232 effective Feb. 1, 2019, with provision for the coordination of amendments and special rule for certain redesignations, see section 800 of Pub. L. 115–232, set out as a note preceding section 3001 of this title.

Effective Date of 1980 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–513 effective Sept. 15, 1981, see section 701 of Pub. L. 96–513, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

§9402. Enlisted members of Air Force or Space Force: schools

(a) So far as consistent with the requirements of military training and service, and under regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Air Force with the approval of the President, enlisted members of the Air Force and enlisted members of the Space Force shall be permitted to study and receive instruction to increase their military efficiency and to enable them to return to civilian life better equipped for industrial, commercial, and business occupations. Part of this instruction may be vocational education in agriculture or the mechanic arts. Civilian teachers may be employed to aid Air Force officers and Space Force officers in this instruction.

(b) Schools for the instruction of enlisted members of the Air Force or the Space Force in the common branches of education, including United States history, shall be maintained at all air bases at which members of the Air Force or the Space Force are stationed. The Secretary may detail members of the Air Force or the Space Force to carry out this subsection. The commander of each air base where schools are maintained under this subsection shall provide a suitable room or building for school and religious purposes.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 560, §9302; renumbered §9402, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832; amended Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title IX, §923(d)(2)(A), (B), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3813, 3814; Pub. L. 117–81, div. A, title X, §1081(a)(36), Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 1921.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9302(a) 9302(b)	10:1176. 10:1172.	June 3, 1916, ch. 134, §27 (last par.), 39 Stat. 186.
		R.S. 1231.

In subsection (a), the first 12 words are substituted for 10:1176 (1st 5, and last 18, words). The words "and the Secretary of the Army shall have the power at all times to suspend, increase, or decrease the amount of such instruction offered" are omitted as surplusage.

In subsection (b), the words "garrisons, and permanent camps" are omitted as covered by the word "posts". The word "including" is substituted for the words "and especially in". The word "members" is substituted for the words "officers and enlisted men". The words "as may be necessary", "It * * * be the duty", and "or garrison" are omitted as surplusage.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2021—Pub. L. 117–81 substituted "Enlisted members of Air Force or Space Force: schools" for "Enlisted members Air Force or Space Force: schools" in section catchline.

Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(2)(B), amended section catchline generally. Prior to amendment, catchline read as follows: "Enlisted members of Air Force: schools".

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(2)(A)(i), inserted "and enlisted members of the Space Force" after "members of the Air Force" and "and Space Force officers" after "Air Force officers".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(2)(A)(ii), inserted "or the Space Force" after "Air Force" wherever appearing.

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9302 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

Functions of President under subsec. (a) of this section delegated to Secretary of Defense, see section 1(6) of Ex. Ord. No. 11390, Jan. 22, 1968, 33 F.R. 841, set out as a note under section 301 of Title 3, The President.

§9403. Aviation cadets and aviation students: schools

The Secretary of the Air Force shall establish and maintain—

(1) one or more schools for the training and instruction of aviation cadets; and

(2) courses of instruction for aviation students at one or more established flying schools.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 560, §9303; renumbered §9403, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9303	10:296. 10:296a.	July 11, 1919, ch. 8 (2d par. under "Air Service"), 41 Stat. 109.
		June 3, 1941, ch. 165, §2, 55 Stat. 239.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9303 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9404. Aviation students: detail of enlisted members of Air Force

The Secretary of the Air Force may detail enlisted Regulars of the Air Force, and enlisted Reserves of the Air Force who are on active duty, for training and instruction as aviation students in their respective grades at schools selected by him.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 560, §9304; renumbered §9404, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9304	10:298a–1.	June 3, 1941, ch. 167, 55 Stat. 241.

The words "under such regulations as he may prescribe" are omitted, since the Secretary has inherent authority to issue regulations appropriate to exercising his statutory functions. 10:298a–1 (1st proviso) is omitted as impliedly repealed by section 10 of the Insurance Act of 1951, ch. 39, 65 Stat. 36. 10:298a–1 (last proviso) is omitted as surplusage. The words "active duty" are substituted for the words "active Federal service".

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9304 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9405. Civilian flying school instructors: instruction at Air Force training commands

(a) The Secretary of the Air Force may provide for the instruction and training, at Air Force training commands, of civilians selected from the instructional staffs of civilian flying schools that are accredited by the Department of the Air Force for the education and training of members of the Air Force.

(b) The training of civilians under subsection (a) shall be without cost to the United States, except for supplies necessary for training purposes.

(c) A civilian undergoing training under subsection (a) may be treated in a Government hospital if he becomes sick or is injured. However, that treatment shall be without cost to the United States except for services of Government medical personnel and the use of hospital equipment other than medicine or supplies.

(d) No civilian who sustains a personal injury, and no dependent of a civilian who dies of disease or injury, while undergoing training under subsection (a), is entitled to any compensation, pension, or gratuity for that injury or death.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 560, §9305; renumbered §9405, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9305(a) 9305(b)	10:292c–1 (less provisos). 10:292c–1 (1st proviso).	Apr. 3, 1939, ch. 35, §3, 53 Stat. 556.
9305(c)	10:292c–1 (2d proviso).
9305(d)	10:292c–1 (last proviso).

In subsection (a), the words "under such rules and regulations as he may prescribe" are omitted, since the Secretary has inherent authority to issue regulations appropriate to exercising his statutory functions. The words "Air Force training commands" are substituted for the words "the Air Corps Training Center", since those commands now perform the functions formerly performed by the Air Corps Training Center. The words "in his discretion", "experience", and "upon their own applications" are omitted as surplusage. The words "and may provide for the instruction and training" are substituted for the words "is authorized to enroll as students * * * for the pursuit of such courses of instruction as may be prescribed therefor".

In subsection (b), the words "the furnishing of such" are omitted as surplusage. The words "matériel, or equipment" are omitted as covered by the word "supplies", as defined in section 101(26) of this title.

In subsection (c), the word "Government" is substituted for the words "Medical Department" to conform to the first sentence of the revised subsection.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9305 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9406. Service schools: leaves of absence for instructors

The officer in charge of an Air Force or Space Force service school may grant a leave of absence for the period of the suspension of the ordinary academic studies, without deduction of pay or allowances, to any officer on duty exclusively as an instructor at the school.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 561, §9306; renumbered §9406, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title IX, §923(d)(3), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3814.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9306	10:843.	Mar. 23, 1910, ch. 115 (proviso under "United States Service Schools"), 36 Stat. 244.

The words "The provisions of section 1144 of this title, authorizing leaves of absence to certain officers of the Military Academy * * * are hereby extended to include" are omitted as surplusage.

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

Prior sections 9411 to 9413 were renumbered sections 9481 to 9483 of this title, respectively.

Amendments

2021—Pub. L. 116–283 inserted "or Space Force" after "Air Force".

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9306 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9413. United States Air Force Institute of Technology: establishment

There is in the Department of the Air Force a United States Air Force Institute of Technology, the purposes of which are to perform research and to provide, to members of the Air Force and Space Force (including the reserve components) and civilian employees of such Department, advanced instruction and technical education regarding their duties.

(Added Pub. L. 117–81, div. A, title V, §558(a), Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 1741.)

§9414. Degree granting authority for United States Air Force Institute of Technology

(a) Authority.—Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Air Force, the commander of the Air University may, upon the recommendation of the faculty of the United States Air Force Institute of Technology, confer appropriate degrees upon graduates of the United States Air Force Institute of Technology who meet the degree requirements.

(b) Limitation.—A degree may not be conferred under this section unless—

(1) the Secretary of Education has recommended approval of the degree in accordance with the Federal Policy Governing Granting of Academic Degrees by Federal Agencies; and

(2) the United States Air Force Institute of Technology is accredited by the appropriate civilian academic accrediting agency or organization to award the degree, as determined by the Secretary of Education.

(c) Congressional Notification Requirements.—(1) When seeking to establish degree granting authority under this section, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives—

(A) a copy of the self assessment questionnaire required by the Federal Policy Governing Granting of Academic Degrees by Federal Agencies, at the time the assessment is submitted to the Department of Education's National Advisory Committee on Institutional Quality and Integrity; and

(B) the subsequent recommendations and rationale of the Secretary of Education regarding the establishment of the degree granting authority.

(2) Upon any modification or redesignation of existing degree granting authority, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives a report containing the rationale for the proposed modification or redesignation and any subsequent recommendation of the Secretary of Education on the proposed modification or redesignation.

(3) The Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives a report containing an explanation of any action by the appropriate academic accrediting agency or organization not to accredit the United States Air Force Institute of Technology to award any new or existing degree.

(d) Civilian Faculty.—(1) The Secretary of the Air Force may employ as many civilian faculty members at the United States Air Force Institute of Technology as is consistent with the needs of the Air Force or the Space Force and with Department of Defense personnel limits.

(2) The Secretary shall prescribe regulations determining—

(A) titles and duties of civilian members of the faculty; and

(B) pay of civilian members of the faculty, notwithstanding chapter 53 of title 5, but subject to the limitation set out in section 5373 of title 5.

(e) Reimbursement and Tuition.—(1) The Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the Department of Homeland Security shall bear the cost of the instruction at the Air Force Institute of Technology that is received by members of the armed forces detailed for that instruction by the Secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Homeland Security, respectively.

(2) Members of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard may only be detailed for instruction at the Institute on a space-available basis.

(3) In the case of an enlisted member of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard permitted to receive instruction at the Institute, the Secretary of the Air Force shall charge that member only for such costs and fees as the Secretary considers appropriate (taking into consideration the admission of enlisted members on a space-available basis).

(4)(A) The Institute shall charge tuition for the cost of providing instruction at the Institute for any civilian employee of a military department (other than a civilian employee of the Department of the Air Force), of another component of the Department of Defense, or of another Federal agency who receives instruction at the Institute.

(B) The cost of any tuition charged an individual under this paragraph shall be borne by the department, agency, or component sending the individual for instruction at the Institute.

(5) Amounts received by the Institute for the instruction of students under this subsection shall be retained by the Institute. Such amounts shall be available to the Institute to cover the costs of such instruction. The source and disposition of such amounts shall be specifically identified in the records of the Institute.

(f) Acceptance of Research Grants.—(1) The Secretary of the Air Force may authorize the Director and Chancellor of the United States Air Force Institute of Technology to accept qualifying research grants. Any such grant may only be accepted if the work under the grant is to be carried out by a professor or instructor of the Institute for a scientific, literary, or educational purpose.

(2) A qualifying research grant under this subsection is a grant that is awarded on a competitive basis by an entity referred to in paragraph (3) for a research project with a scientific, literary, or educational purpose.

(3) A grant may be accepted under this subsection only from a corporation, fund, foundation, educational institution, or similar entity that is organized and operated primarily for scientific, literary, or educational purposes.

(4) The Secretary shall establish an account for administering funds received as research grants under this section. The Director and Chancellor of the Institute shall use the funds in the account in accordance with applicable provisions of the regulations and the terms and condition of the grants received.

(5) Subject to such limitations as may be provided in appropriations Acts, appropriations available for the Institute may be used to pay expenses incurred by the Institute in applying for, and otherwise pursuing, the award of qualifying research grants.

(6) The Secretary shall prescribe regulations for the administration of this subsection.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 561, §9314; Pub. L. 99–145, title V, §504(a)(1), (2)(A), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 622; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title V, §510, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3868; Pub. L. 101–509, title V, §529 [title I, §106(b)(6)(C)], Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1427, 1440; Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title XI, §1102, Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2141; Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title V, §533, Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1473; Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title V, §522(e), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3243; Pub. L. 110–417, [div. A], title V, §§543(h)(1), 544, Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4463, 4465; renumbered §9414, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832; Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title V, §556(b), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1392; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title IX, §923(d)(4), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3814.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9314	[Uncodified].	Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1151, 68 Stat. 1006.

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 9414 was renumbered section 9484 of this title.

Amendments

2021—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 116–283 inserted "or the Space Force" after "needs of the Air Force".

2019—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 116–92 substituted "Director and Chancellor" for "Commandant" in pars. (1) and (4).

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9314 of this title as this section.

2008—Pub. L. 110–417, §543(h)(1), amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section consisted of subsecs. (a) to (d) relating to conferral of degrees, civilian faculty, costs of instruction, and research grants at the United States Air Force Institute of Technology.

Subsec. (e)(4), (5). Pub. L. 110–417, §544, added pars. (4) and (5).

2006—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–163 added subsec. (d).

2003—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–136, §533(b)(1), (c), inserted heading, designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted "The Commander" for "When the United States Air Force Institute of Technology is accredited by a nationally recognized accreditation association or authority, the Commander" and "the United States Air Force Institute of Technology" for "that Institute", and added par. (2).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–136, §533(b)(2), inserted heading.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–136, §533(a), added subsec. (c).

1998—Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 105–261 substituted "section 5373" for "section 5306(e)".

1990—Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 101–509 substituted "5306(e)" for "5308".

1986—Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 99–661 struck out "rates of basic" before "pay of civilian".

1985—Pub. L. 99–145, §504(a)(2)(A), struck out ": degrees" after "Technology" in section catchline.

Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 99–145, §504(a)(1), designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Effective Date of 2008 Amendment

Amendment by section 543(h)(1) of Pub. L. 110–417 applicable to any degree granting authority established, modified, or redesignated on or after Oct. 14, 2008, for an institution of professional military education referred to in such amendment, see section 543(j) of Pub. L. 110–417, set out as a note under section 2163 of this title.

Effective Date of 1990 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 101–509 effective on such date as the President shall determine, but not earlier than 90 days, and not later than 180 days, after Nov. 5, 1990, see section 529 [title III, §305] of Pub. L. 101–509, set out as a note under section 5301 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Civilian Members of Faculty of Air Force Institute of Technology on November 8, 1985

Subsec. (b)(2) of this section not applicable to persons who, on Nov. 8, 1985, were civilian members of the faculty of the Air Force Institute of Technology, were being paid a rate of basic pay under the General Schedule, and elected under procedures prescribed by the Secretary of the Air Force to continue to be paid under the General Schedule, see section 504(c) of Pub. L. 99–145, set out as a note under section 5102 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

§9414a. United States Air Force Institute of Technology: admission of certain private sector civilians

(a) Admission Authorized.—(1) The Secretary of the Air Force may permit a covered private sector employee to receive instruction at the United States Air Force Institute of Technology in accordance with this section. A covered private sector employee may be enrolled in, and may be provided instruction in, a program leading to a graduate degree or professional continuing education certificate in a defense-focused or homeland security-focused curriculum related to aeronautics and astronautics, electrical and computer engineering, engineering physics, mathematics and statistics, operational sciences, or systems and engineering management.

(2) No more than 125 covered private sector employees may be enrolled at the United States Air Force Institute of Technology at any one time under the authority of paragraph (1).

(3) Upon successful completion of the course of instruction at the United States Air Force Institute of Technology in which a covered private sector employee is enrolled, the covered private sector employee may be awarded an appropriate degree under section 9414 of this title or an appropriate professional continuing education certificate, as applicable.

(b) Covered Private Sector Employee Defined.—(1) In this section, the term "covered private sector employee" means—

(A) an individual employed by a private firm that is engaged in providing to the Department of Defense significant and substantial defense-related systems, products, or services; or

(B) an individual employed by a private firm in one of the critical infrastructure sectors identified in Presidential Policy Directive 21 (Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience).

(2) A covered private sector employee admitted for instruction at the United States Air Force Institute of Technology remains eligible for such instruction only so long as the person remains employed by the same firm.

(c) Annual Determination by the Secretary of the Air Force.—A covered private sector employee may receive instruction at the United States Air Force Institute of Technology during any academic year only if, before the start of that academic year, the Secretary of the Air Force, or the designee of the Secretary, determines that providing instruction to covered private sector employees under this section during that year—

(1) will further the military mission of the United States Air Force Institute of Technology; and

(2) will not require an increase in the permanently authorized size of the faculty of the school, an increase in the course offerings of the school, or an increase in the laboratory facilities or other infrastructure of the school.

(d) Program Requirements.—The Secretary of the Air Force shall ensure that—

(1) the curriculum in which a covered private sector employee may be enrolled under this section is not readily available through other schools and concentrates on the areas of focus specified in subsection (a)(1) that are conducted by military organizations and defense or homeland security contractors working in close cooperation; and

(2) the course offerings at the United States Air Force Institute of Technology continue to be determined solely by the needs of the Department of Defense or the Department of Homeland Security, as applicable.

(e) Tuition.—(1) The United States Air Force Institute of Technology shall charge tuition for students enrolled under this section at a rate not less than the rate charged for employees of the United States outside the Department of the Air Force.

(2) Amounts received by the United States Air Force Institute of Technology for instruction of students enrolled under this section shall be retained by the school to defray the costs of such instruction. The source, and the disposition, of such funds shall be specifically identified in records of the school.

(f) Standards of Conduct.—While receiving instruction at the United States Air Force Institute of Technology, covered private sector employees enrolled under this section, to the extent practicable, are subject to the same regulations governing academic performance, attendance, norms of behavior, and enrollment as apply to Government civilian employees receiving instruction at the school.

(Added Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title V, §593(a), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4232, §9314a; amended Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title V, §589(b), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1769; Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title V, §558, title X, §1081(a)(13), Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 827, 1001; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title V, §581(a)–(d)(1), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1414, 1415; renumbered §9414a and amended Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §§806(a)(3), 809(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832, 1840.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232, §806(a)(3), renumbered section 9314a of this title as this section.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 115–232, §809(a), substituted "section 9414" for "section 9314".

2017—Pub. L. 115–91, §581(d)(1), amended section catchline generally. Prior to amendment, catchline read as follows: "United States Air Force Institute of Technology: admission of defense industry civilians".

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–91, §581(b)(1)(A), (c)(1), substituted "a covered private sector employee" for "defense industry employees described in subsection (b)", "A covered private sector employee" for "Any such defense industry employee", and "a defense-focused or homeland security-focused" for "a defense focused".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 115–91, §581(b)(1)(B), substituted "covered private sector employees" for "defense industry employees".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 115–91, §581(b)(1)(C), substituted "covered private sector employee" for "defense industry employee" in two places.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–91, §581(a), amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "For purposes of this section, an eligible defense industry employee is an individual employed by a private firm that is engaged in providing to the Department of Defense significant and substantial defense-related systems, products, or services. A defense industry employee admitted for instruction at the United States Air Force Institute of Technology remains eligible for such instruction only so long as that person remains employed by the same firm."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–91, §581(b)(2), in introductory provisions, substituted "A covered private sector employee" for "Defense industry employees" and "covered private sector employees" for "defense industry employees".

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 115–91, §581 (b)(3), (c)(2)(A), substituted "a covered private sector employee" for "defense industry employees" and inserted "or homeland security" after "and defense".

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 115–91, §581(c)(2)(B), inserted "or the Department of Homeland Security, as applicable" before period at end.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–91, §581(b)(4), substituted "covered private sector employees" for "defense industry employees".

2015—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–92, §1081(a)(13), substituted "only so long as" for "only so long at".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 114–92, §558, substituted "will not require an increase in the permanently authorized size of the faculty" for "will be done on a space-available basis and not require an increase in the size of the faculty".

2013—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–239, §589(b)(1), inserted "or professional continuing education certificate" after "graduate degree".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 112–239, §589(b)(2), inserted "or an appropriate professional continuing education certificate, as applicable" before period at end.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9414b. United States Air Force Institute of Technology: administration

(a) Director and Chancellor.—

(1) Selection.—The Director and Chancellor of the United States Air Force Institute of Technology shall be selected by the Secretary of the Air Force.

(2) Eligibility.—The Director and Chancellor shall be one of the following:

(A) An officer of the Air Force or the Space Force on active duty in a grade not below the grade of colonel who possesses such qualifications as the Secretary considers appropriate and is assigned or detailed to such position.

(B) A member of the Senior Executive Service or a civilian individual, including an individual who was retired from the Air Force or the Space Force in a grade not below brigadier general or the equivalent grade in the Space Force, who has the qualifications appropriate for the position of Director and Chancellor and is selected by the Secretary as the best qualified from among candidates for the position in accordance with a process and criteria determined by the Secretary.

(3) Term for civilian director and chancellor.—An individual selected for the position of Director and Chancellor under paragraph (2)(B) shall serve in that position for a term of not more than five years and may be continued in that position for an additional term of up to five years.

(b) Provost and Chief Academic Officer.—

(1) In general.—There is established at the United States Air Force Institute of Technology the civilian position of Provost and Chief Academic Officer who shall be selected by the Secretary.

(2) Term.—An individual selected for the position of Provost and Chief Academic Officer shall serve in that position for a term of not more than five years and may be continued in that position for an additional term of up to five years.

(3) Compensation.—The individual serving as Provost and Chief Academic Officer is entitled to such compensation for such service as the Secretary shall prescribe for purposes of this section, but not more than the rate of compensation authorized for level IV of the Executive Schedule.

(Added Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title V, §554(a), Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1414, §9314b; renumbered §9414b, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832; amended Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title V, §556(a), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1392; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title IX, §923(d)(5), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3814; Pub. L. 117–263, div. A, title V, §554(b), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 2594.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Level IV of the Executive Schedule, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), is set out in section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendments

2022—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–263, §554(b)(2), substituted "Chief Academic Officer" for "Academic Dean" wherever appearing.

Pub. L. 117–263, §554(b)(1), substituted "Chief Academic Officer" for "Academic Dean" in heading.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 117–263, §554(b)(3), substituted "selected" for "appointed".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 117–263, §554(b)(4), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "An individual appointed to the position of Provost and Academic Dean shall serve in that position for a term of five years."

2021—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(5)(A), inserted "or the Space Force" after "the Air Force" in two places.

Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(5)(B), inserted "or the equivalent grade in the Space Force" after "brigadier general".

2019—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 116–92, §556(a)(1), (2), substituted "Director and Chancellor" for "Commandant" in heading and "Director and Chancellor" for "Commandant" wherever appearing in text.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 116–92, §556(a)(3), which directed substitution of "Director and Chancellor" for "Commandant" in heading, was executed by substituting "director and chancellor" for "commandant" to reflect the probable intent of Congress and conform the style of paragraph headings to that used in this title.

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9314b of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title V, §556(c), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1392, provided that: "Any reference in any law, regulation, map, document, paper, or other record of the United States to the Commandant of the United States Air Force Institute of Technology shall be deemed to be a reference to the Director and Chancellor of the United States Air Force Institute of Technology."

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9415. Community College of the Air Force: associate degrees

(a) Establishment and Mission.—There is in the Department of the Air Force a Community College of the Air Force. Such college, in cooperation with civilian colleges and universities, shall—

(1) prescribe programs of higher education for enlisted members described in subsection (b) designed to improve the technical, managerial, and related skills of such members and to prepare such members for military jobs which require the utilization of such skills; and

(2) monitor on a continuing basis the progress of members pursuing such programs.

(b) Members Eligible for Programs.—Subject to such other eligibility requirements as the Secretary concerned may prescribe, the following members of the armed forces are eligible to participate in programs of higher education under subsection (a)(1):

(1) Enlisted members of the Air Force or the Space Force.

(2) Enlisted members of the armed forces other than the Air Force or the Space Force who are serving as instructors at Department of the Air Force training schools.

(3) Enlisted members of the armed forces other than the Air Force or the Space Force who are participating in Community College of the Air Force affiliated joint-service training and education courses.

(c) Seriously Wounded, Ill, or Injured Former and Retired Enlisted Members.—(1) The Secretary of the Air Force may authorize participation in a program of higher education under subsection (a)(1) by a person who is a former or retired enlisted member of the armed forces who at the time of the person's separation from active duty—

(A) had commenced but had not completed a program of higher education under subsection (a)(1); and

(B) is categorized by the Secretary concerned as seriously wounded, ill, or injured.

(2) For purposes of this subsection, a person who may be categorized as seriously wounded, ill, or injured is a person with a serious injury or illness (as that term is defined in section 1602(8) of the Wounded Warrior Act (title XVI of Public Law 110–181; 10 U.S.C. 1071 note)).

(3) A person may not be authorized under paragraph (1) to participate in a program of higher education after the end of the 10-year period beginning on the date of the person's separation from active duty.

(4) The Secretary may not pay the tuition for participation in a program of higher education under subsection (a)(1) of a person participating in such program pursuant to an authorization under paragraph (1).

(d) Associate Degrees.—(1) Subject to paragraph (2), an academic degree at the level of associate may be conferred under section 9417 of this title upon any person who has completed a program prescribed by the Community College of the Air Force.

(2) No degree may be conferred upon any person under this section unless the Secretary of Education determines that the standards for the award of academic degrees in agencies of the United States have been met.

(Added Pub. L. 94–361, title VI, §602, July 14, 1976, 90 Stat. 928, §9315; amended Pub. L. 96–513, title V, §514(9), Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2935; Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XI, §1182(a)(12), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1772; Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title X, §1078(a), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 451; Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title V, §552(a), (b), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1748; Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title V, §556(b), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1915; Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title V, §555(a), (b), Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1415; renumbered §9415 and amended Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §§806(a)(3), 809(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832, 1840; Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title V, §557, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1392; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title IX, §923(d)(6), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3814.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 9415 was renumbered section 349 of this title.

Amendments

2021—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(6)(A), substituted "in the Department of the Air Force" for "in the Air Force" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(6)(B)(i), inserted "or the Space Force" after "Air Force".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(6)(B)(ii), substituted "other than the Air Force or the Space Force who are serving as instructors at Department of the Air Force training schools." for "other than the Air Force who are serving as instructors at Air Force training schools."

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(6)(B)(iii), which directed amendment of par. (3) by inserting "or the Space Force" after "Air Force", was executed by making the insertion after "Air Force" the first place appearing to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

2019—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 116–92 added par. (3).

2018—Pub. L. 115–232, §806(a)(3), renumbered section 9315 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 115–232, §809(a), substituted "section 9417" for "section 9317".

2011—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–81, §555(a)(2), added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–81, §555(a)(1), (b), redesignated subsec. (c) as (d) and substituted "person" for "enlisted member" in two places.

2004—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–375 amended heading and text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(1) Subject to paragraph (2), the commander of the Air Education and Training Command of the Air Force may confer an academic degree at the level of associate upon any enlisted member who has completed the program prescribed by the Community College of the Air Force.

"(2) No degree may be conferred upon any enlisted member under this section unless (A) the Community College of the Air Force certifies to the commander of the Air Education and Training Command of the Air Force that such member has satisfied all the requirements prescribed for such degree, and (B) the Secretary of Education determines that the standards for the award of academic degrees in agencies of the United States have been met."

1997—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–85, §552(b)(1), inserted heading.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 105–85, §552(a)(1), substituted "enlisted members described in subsection (b)" for "enlisted members of the Air Force".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–85, §552(a)(4), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated subsec. (c)(1).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–85, §552(a)(2), (3), (b)(2), redesignated subsec. (b) as subsec. (c)(1), inserted subsec. heading, substituted "Subject to paragraph (2)," for "Subject to subsection (c),", and redesignated former subsec. (c) as subsec. (c)(2) and pars. (1) and (2) of former subsec. (c) as subpars. (A) and (B), respectively, of subsec. (c)(2).

1996—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–106 substituted "Air Force" for "armed forces".

1993—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–160, §1182(a)(12)(A), substituted "Air Education and Training Command" for "Air Training Command".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–160, §1182(a)(12)(B), substituted "Air Education and Training Command of the Air Force" for "Air Force Training Command".

1980—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–513 substituted "Secretary of Education" for "Commissioner of Education of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Effective Date of 2011 Amendment

Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title V, §555(c), Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1416, provided that: "Subsection (c) of section 9315 [now 9415] of title 10, United States Code (as added by subsection (a)(2)), shall apply to persons covered by paragraph (1) of such subsection who are categorized by the Secretary concerned as seriously wounded, ill, or injured after September 11, 2001. With respect to any such person who is separated from active duty during the period beginning on September 12, 2001, and ending on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 31, 2011], the 10-year period specified in paragraph (3) of such subsection shall be deemed to commence on the date of the enactment of this Act."

Effective Date of 1997 Amendment

Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title V, §552(c), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1748, provided that: "Subsection (b) of section 9315 [now 9415] of such title, as added by subsection (a)(4), applies with respect to enrollments in the Community College of the Air Force after March 31, 1996."

Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title X, §1078(b), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 451, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to enrollments in the Community College of the Air Force after March 31, 1996."

Effective Date of 1980 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–513 effective Dec. 12, 1980, see section 701(b)(3) of Pub. L. 96–513, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

§9417. Degree granting authority for Air University

(a) Authority.—Except as provided in sections 9414 and 9415 of this title, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Air Force, the commander of the Air University may, upon the recommendation of the faculty of the Air University components, confer appropriate degrees upon graduates who meet the degree requirements.

(b) Limitation.—A degree may not be conferred under this section unless—

(1) the Secretary of Education has recommended approval of the degree in accordance with the Federal Policy Governing Granting of Academic Degrees by Federal Agencies; and

(2) the Air University is accredited by the appropriate civilian academic accrediting agency or organization to award the degree, as determined by the Secretary of Education.

(B) the subsequent recommendations and rationale of the Secretary of Education regarding the establishment of the degree granting authority.

(3) The Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives a report containing an explanation of any action by the appropriate academic accrediting agency or organization not to accredit the Air University to award any new or existing degree.

(Added Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title IX, §913(a)(1), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2828, §9317; amended Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title V, §543(a), (b)(1), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 607; Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title V, §556(a), (c)(1), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1914, 1915; Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title V, §527, Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 105; Pub. L. 110–417, [div. A], title V, §543(i)(1), Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4464; renumbered §9417 and amended Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §§806(a)(3), 809(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832, 1840.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 9417 was renumbered section 9487 of this title.

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232, §806(a)(3), renumbered section 9317 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–232, §809(a), substituted "sections 9414 and 9415" for "sections 9314 and 9315".

2008—Pub. L. 110–417 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section consisted of subsecs. (a) and (b) relating to the authority of Air University to confer academic degrees and regulations under which authority would be exercised.

Subsec. (a)(4), (5). Pub. L. 110–181 added par. (4) and redesignated former par. (4) as (5).

2004—Pub. L. 108–375, §556(c)(1), substituted "conferral of degrees" for "graduate-level degrees" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–375, §556(a), substituted "may confer academic degrees as follows:" for "may confer—" in introductory provisions, "The" for "the" in pars. (1) to (3), period for semicolon in par. (1), and period for "; and" in par. (2) and added par. (4).

1999—Pub. L. 106–65, §543(b)(1), substituted "graduate-level degrees" for "master of airpower art and science" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–65, §543(a), amended heading and text of subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Upon the recommendation of the faculty of the School of Advanced Airpower Studies of the Air University, the Commander of the university may confer the degree of master of airpower art and science upon graduates of the school who fulfill the requirements for the degree."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Effective Date of 2008 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–417 applicable to any degree granting authority established, modified, or redesignated on or after Oct. 14, 2008, for an institution of professional military education referred to in such amendment, see section 543(j) of Pub. L. 110–417, set out as a note under section 2163 of this title.

Effective Date

Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title IX, §913(b), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2828, provided that: "The authority provided by section 9317(a) [now 9417(a)] of title 10, United States Code, as added by subsection (a), shall become effective on the date on which the Secretary of Education determines that the requirements established by the School of Advanced Airpower Studies of the Air University for the degree of master of airpower art and science are in accordance with generally applicable requirements for a degree of master of arts or a degree of master of science."

§9419. Recruit basic training: separate housing for male and female recruits

(a) Physically Separate Housing.—(1) The Secretary of the Air Force shall provide for housing male recruits and female recruits separately and securely from each other during basic training.

(2) To meet the requirements of paragraph (1), the sleeping areas and latrine areas provided for male recruits shall be physically separated from the sleeping areas and latrine areas provided for female recruits by permanent walls, and the areas for male recruits and the areas for female recruits shall have separate entrances.

(3) The Secretary shall ensure that, when a recruit is in an area referred to in paragraph (2), the area is supervised by one or more persons who are authorized and trained to supervise the area.

(b) Alternative Separate Housing.—If male recruits and female recruits cannot be housed as provided under subsection (a) by October 1, 2001, at a particular installation, the Secretary of the Air Force shall require (on and after that date) that male recruits in basic training at such installation be housed in barracks or other troop housing facilities that are only for males and that female recruits in basic training at such installation be housed in barracks or other troop housing facilities that are only for females.

(c) Construction Planning.—In planning for the construction of housing to be used for housing recruits during basic training, the Secretary of the Air Force shall ensure that the housing is to be constructed in a manner that facilitates the housing of male recruits and female recruits separately and securely from each other.

(d) Basic Training Defined.—In this section, the term "basic training" means the initial entry training program of the Air Force or the Space Force that constitutes the basic training of new recruits.

(Added Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title V, §521(c)(1), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2011, §9319; renumbered §9419, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832; amended Pub. L. 118–31, div. A, title XVII, §1741(b)(6), Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 681.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2023—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 118–31 inserted "or the Space Force" after "training program of the Air Force".

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9319 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Implementation

Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title V, §521(c)(3), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2012, provided that: "The Secretary of the Air Force shall implement section 9319 [now 9419] of title 10, United States Code, as added by paragraph (1), as rapidly as feasible and shall ensure that the provisions of that section are applied to all recruit basic training classes beginning not later than the first such class that enters basic training on or after April 15, 1999."

§9420. Recruit basic training: privacy

The Secretary of the Air Force shall require that access by military training instructors and other training personnel to a living area in which recruits are housed during basic training shall be limited after the end of the training day, other than in the case of an emergency or other exigent circumstance, to military training instructors and other training personnel who are of the same sex as the recruits housed in that living area or to superiors in the chain of command of those recruits who, if not of the same sex as the recruits housed in that living area, are accompanied by a member (other than a recruit) who is of the same sex as the recruits housed in that living area.

(Added Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title V, §522(c)(1), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2013, §9320; renumbered §9420, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9320 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Implementation

Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title V, §522(c)(3), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2013, provided that: "The Secretary of the Air Force shall implement section 9320 [now 9420] of title 10, United States Code, as added by paragraph (1), as rapidly as feasible and shall ensure that the provisions of that section are applied to all recruit basic training classes beginning not later than the first such class that enters basic training on or after April 15, 1999."

CHAPTER 953—UNITED STATES AIR FORCE ACADEMY

Sec.

9431.

Establishment; Superintendent; faculty.

9432.

Departments and professors: titles.

9433.

Superintendent; faculty: appointment and detail.

9433a.

Superintendent: condition for detail to position.

9434.

Command and supervision.

9435.

Dean of the Faculty.

9436.

Permanent professors; director of admissions.

9438.

Civilian faculty: number; compensation.

9441.

Faculty and other officers: leaves of absence.

9441a.

Cadets: appointment by the President.

9442.

Cadets: appointment; numbers, territorial distribution.

9442a.

Cadets: nomination in event of death, resignation, or expulsion from office of Member of Congress otherwise authorized to nominate.

9443.

Cadets: appointment; to bring to full strength.

9446.

Cadets: requirements for admission.

9447.

Cadets; nominees: effect of redistricting of States.

9448.

Cadets: agreement to serve as officer.

9449.

Cadets: organization; service; instruction.

9450.

Cadets: clothing and equipment.

9451.

Cadets: deficiencies in conduct or studies; effect of failure on successor.

9452.

Cadets: hazing.

9453.

Cadets: degree and commission on graduation.

9454.

Buildings and grounds: buildings for religious worship.

9455.

Board of Visitors.

9456.

Acceptance of guarantees with gifts for major projects.

9457.

Grants for faculty research for scientific, literary, and educational purposes: acceptance; authorized grantees.

9459.

Mixed-funded athletic and recreational extracurricular programs: authority to manage appropriated funds in same manner as nonappropriated funds.

9460.

Cadets: charges and fees for attendance; limitation.

9461.

Policy on sexual harassment and sexual violence.

9462.

Support of athletic programs.

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior chapter 953, consisting of sections 9831 to 9842, related to accountability and responsibility, prior to renumbering as chapter 983 of this title.

Amendments

2021—Pub. L. 117–81, div. A, title V, §553(c)(2), Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 1738, added item 9442a.

2018—Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(d)(2), (e)(1), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1833, redesignated chapter 903 of this title as this chapter and items 9331 to 9336, 9338 to 9343, and 9346 to 9362 as 9431 to 9436, 9438 to 9443, and 9446 to 9462, respectively.

2016—Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title V, §591(b), title XII, §1248(b)(2)(C), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2152, 2525, struck out items 9337 "Chaplain", 9344 "Selection of persons from foreign countries", 9345 "Exchange program with foreign military academies", and 9345a "Foreign and cultural exchange activities".

2009—Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, §528(b), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2290, added item 9362.

2008—Pub. L. 110–417, [div. A], title V, §541(c)(2), Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4456, added item 9345a.

2006—Pub. L. 109–364, div. A, title X, §1071(g)(2), Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2402, made technical correction to directory language of Pub. L. 108–375, §544(c)(2). See 2004 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 109–364, div. A, title V, §532(d)(3), Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2206, added item 9361.

2004—Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title V, §545(c)(2), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1909, added item 9360.

Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title V, §544(c)(2), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1907, as amended by Pub. L. 109–364, div. A, title X, §1071(g)(2), Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2402, added item 9359.

1999—Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title V, §532(a)(4)(F), div. B, title XXVIII, §2871(c)(2), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 604, 877, added items 9333a and 9356.

1998—Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title X, §1063(c)(2), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2132, added item 9357.

1997—Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title V, §542(c)(2), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1743, added item 9345.

1996—Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title V, §533(c)(2), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 315, struck out item 9356 "Athletics program: athletic director; nonappropriated fund account".

1994—Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title V, §556(c)(2), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2775, added item 9356.

1993—Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title V, §533(b)(2), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1658, added item 9338.

1989—Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title V, §515(b)(2), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1441, substituted "director of admissions" for "registrar" in item 9336.

1983—Pub. L. 98–94, title X, §1004(c)(3), Sept. 24, 1983, 97 Stat. 660, substituted "Selection of persons from foreign countries" for "Selection of persons from Canada and American Republics" in item 9344, and struck out item 9345 "Selection of Filipinos".

1981—Pub. L. 97–60, title II, §203(c)(2)(B), Oct. 14, 1981, 95 Stat. 1006, added item 9341a.

1958—Pub. L. 85–600, §1(23), Aug. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 524, inserted "; registrar" in item 9336.

§9431. Establishment; Superintendent; faculty

(a) There is in the Department of the Air Force an Air Force Academy (hereinafter in this chapter referred to as the "Academy") for the instruction and preparation for military service of selected persons called "cadets". The organization of the Academy shall be prescribed by the Secretary of the Air Force.

(b) There shall be at the Academy the following:

(1) A Superintendent.

(2) A Dean of the Faculty.

(3) A Commandant of Cadets.

(4) 25 permanent professors.

(5) A chaplain.

(6) A director of admissions.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 561, §9331; Pub. L. 85–600, §1(19), Aug. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 523; Pub. L. 96–513, title V, §514(10), Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2935; Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title V, §515(a)(1), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1441; Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title V, §523(b), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2410; Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title V, §533(b)(3), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1658; Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title V, §529(c)(1), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1471; Pub. L. 110–417, [div. A], title V, §545, Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4466; renumbered §9431, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title V, §573, title IX, §923(d)(7), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3644, 3814.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9331(a) 9331(b)	10:1851. 10:1854. 10:1061.	R.S. 1309; Feb. 18, 1896, ch. 22 (less proviso), 29 Stat. 8.
	10:1087. 10:1089 (1st 20 words).	June 26, 1946, ch. 495, §§1, 3 (1st 20 words), 60 Stat. 312.
		Apr. 1, 1954, ch. 127, §§2, 5, 68 Stat. 47, 48.

In subsection (b), reference to the senior instructors of artillery, cavalry, and infantry, and the master of the sword, in 10:1061, are omitted as obsolete. The names of the other departments are omitted as inapplicable to the Air Force. The departmental names will be established under section 9332 of this title. The words "and one assistant professor", in 10:1061, are omitted as superseded by section 9333 of this title. 10:1061 (words before colon) is omitted as inapplicable to the Air Force. 10:1854 (less last sentence) is omitted as executed by the inclusion in this chapter of the laws applicable to the Air Force Academy. 10:1087 (proviso) is omitted as inapplicable to the Air Force.

Subsection (b)(3) is based on those laws establishing the various departments at the United States Military Academy (see revision note for section 4331 of this title).

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2021—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(7), substituted "cadets" for "Air Force cadets".

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 116–283, §573, substituted "25" for "23".

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9331 of this title as this section.

2008—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 110–417 substituted "23 permanent professors" for "21 permanent professors".

2003—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 108–136 substituted "Dean of the Faculty" for "dean of the Faculty, who is a permanent professor".

1993—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–160 struck out subsec. (c) which read as follows:

"(1) The Secretary of the Air Force may employ as many civilians as professors, instructors, and lecturers at the Academy as the Secretary considers necessary.

"(2) The compensation of persons employed under this subsection shall be as prescribed by the Secretary.

"(3) The Secretary may delegate the authority conferred by this subsection to any person in the Department of the Air Force to the extent the Secretary considers proper. Such delegation may be made with or without the authority to make successive redelegations."

1992—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–484 added subsec. (c).

1989—Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 101–189 substituted "director of admissions" for "registrar".

1980—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–513 substituted "(hereinafter in this chapter referred to as the 'Academy')" for ", in this chapter called the 'Academy',".

1958—Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 85–600 added par. (6).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Effective Date of 2003 Amendment

Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title V, §529(d), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1472, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 9335 and 9336 of this title] shall apply with respect to any Dean of the Faculty of the United States Air Force Academy selected on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 24, 2003]."

Effective Date of 1980 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–513 effective Dec. 12, 1980, see section 701(b)(3) of Pub. L. 96–513, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Appropriations for the Air Force Academy After August 1, 1964; Requirement of Authorization in Subsequent Legislation; Appropriations for Advance Planning and Minor Construction

Pub. L. 88–390, title VI, §608, Aug. 1, 1964, 78 Stat. 364, provided that: "Notwithstanding the provisions of section 9 of the Act of April 1, 1954 (Public Law 325) as amended [set out below], no funds may be appropriated after the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 1, 1964] for construction at the Air Force Academy unless appropriation of such funds has been authorized in this Act [Military Construction Authorization Act, 1965] or any Act enacted after the date of enactment of this Act: Provided, That funds are authorized to be appropriated to accomplish advance planning and minor construction at the Air Force Academy in the same manner as for other projects under the Act of September 28, 1951, as amended (31 U.S.C. 723) [10 U.S.C. 2661a(a)], and title 10, United States Code, section 2674, as amended."

Appropriations for Air Force Academy

Act Apr. 1, 1954, ch. 127, 68 Stat. 47, which established the Air Force Academy, provided by section 9 of such act, as amended by act Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 939, title IV, §413(b), 70 Stat. 1018, and by Pub. L. 85–241, title V, §508, Aug. 30, 1957, 71 Stat. 559; Pub. L. 85–685, title III, §309, Aug. 20, 1958, 72 Stat. 659; Pub. L. 87–57, title III, §304, June 27, 1961, 75 Stat. 108; Pub. L. 90–408, title III, §304, July 21, 1968, 82 Stat. 385, that there was authorized to be appropriated not to exceed the sum of $141,978,000 to carry out the provisions of that Act, of which not to exceed $26,000,000 was to be the amount so appropriated for any such period, not to exceed $1,858,000 might be utilized for the purpose of section 4 of this Act [set out below].

Temporary Buildings and Facilities

Act Apr. 1, 1954, ch. 127, §4, 68 Stat. 47, provided that for the purpose of providing temporary facilities and enabling early operation of the Academy, the Secretary of the Air Force was authorized to provide for the erection of the minimum additional number of temporary buildings and the modification of existing structures and facilities at an existing Air Force base and to provide for the proper functioning, equipping, maintaining, and repairing thereof; and to contract with civilian institutions for such operation or instruction as he deemed necessary.

§9432. Departments and professors: titles

The Secretary of the Air Force may prescribe the titles of each of the departments of instruction and the professors of the Academy. However, the change of the title of a department or officer does not affect the status, rank, or eligibility for promotion or retirement of, or otherwise prejudice, a professor at the Academy.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 562, §9332; renumbered §9432, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9332	10:1061a.	Dec. 14, 1942, ch. 729, 56 Stat. 1049.

The words "now or after December 14, 1942, established at" are omitted as surplusage. The word "precedence" is omitted as covered by the word "rank". The words "pay, allowances" are omitted, since they are determined by the grade held. The words "from time to time", "shall be known", and "operate in any case or on any account" are omitted as surplusage.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9332 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9433. Superintendent; faculty: appointment and detail

(a) The Superintendent and the Commandant of Cadets of the Academy shall be detailed to those positions by the President from the officers of the Air Force or the Space Force.

(b) The permanent professors of the Academy shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

(c) The director of admissions of the Academy shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and shall perform such duties as the Superintendent of the Academy may prescribe with the approval of the Secretary of the Air Force.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 562, §9333; Pub. L. 85–600, §1(20), Aug. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 523; Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title V, §515(a)(2), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1441; renumbered §9433, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title IX, §923(d)(8), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3814.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9333(a)	10:1062.	R.S. 1313.
9333(b)	10:1063.	R.S. 1314 (words before semicolon).

In subsection (a), the word "detailed" is substituted for the word "selected", since historically the offices of superintendent and commandant of cadets have been filled by detail. The words "the officers of the Air Force" are substituted for the words "any arm of the service", since the Air Force does not have statutory arms or corps. 10:1063 (1st sentence and 1st 26 words of last sentence) is omitted as covered by section 8012 of this title.

In subsection (b), the words "by and with the advice and consent of the Senate" are inserted, since many of the statutes establishing particular permanent professorships from time to time have so provided, and historically it has been the uniform practice to make these appointments in this manner. 10:1063 (last 14 words) is omitted as obsolete and as covered by section 9349(b) of this title.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2021—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 116–283 inserted "or the Space Force" after "Air Force".

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9333 of this title as this section.

1989—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–189 substituted "director of admissions" for "registrar".

1958—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 85–600 added subsec. (c).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9433a. Superintendent: condition for detail to position

(a) Retirement.—As a condition for detail to the position of Superintendent of the Academy, an officer shall acknowledge that upon termination of that detail the officer shall be retired pursuant to section 9321(a) of this title, unless such retirement is waived under section 9321(b) of this title.

(b) Minimum Tour of Duty.—An officer who is detailed to the position of Superintendent of the Academy shall be so detailed for a period of not less than three years. In any case in which an officer serving as Superintendent is reassigned or retires before having completed three years service as Superintendent, or otherwise leaves that position (other than due to death) without having completed three years service in that position, the Secretary of the Air Force shall submit to Congress notice that such officer left the position of Superintendent without having completed three years service in that position, together with a statement of the reasons why that officer did not complete three years service in that position.

(Added Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title V, §532(a)(3)(B), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 603, §9333a; amended Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title V, §541(b)(3), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1903; renumbered §9433a and amended Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §§806(a)(3), 809(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832, 1840.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232, §806(a)(3), renumbered section 9333a of this title as this section.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–232, §809(a), substituted "section 9321(a)" for "section 8921(a)" and "section 9321(b)" for "section 8921(b)".

2004—Pub. L. 108–375 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, inserted "pursuant to section 8921(a) of this title, unless such retirement is waived under section 8921(b) of this title" before period at end, and added subsec. (b).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Application of Section to Superintendents Serving on October 5, 1999

Section not applicable to an officer serving on Oct. 5, 1999, in the position of Superintendent of the United States Military Academy, Naval Academy, or Air Force Academy for so long as that officer continues on and after that date to serve in that position without a break in service, see section 532(a)(5) of Pub. L. 106–65, set out as a note under section 7321 of this title.

§9434. Command and supervision

(a) The immediate government of the Academy is under the Superintendent, who is also the commanding officer of the Academy and of the military post.

(b) The permanent professors and the director of admissions exercise command only in the academic department of the Academy.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 562, §9334; Pub. L. 85–600, §1(21), Aug. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 524; Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title V, §515(a)(3), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1441; renumbered §9434, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9334(a)	10:1042.	R.S. 1311.
9334(b)	10:1079.	June 28, 1902, ch. 1300 (1st proviso under "Permanent Establishment"), 32 Stat. 409.

In subsection (a), the words "and, in his absence, the next in rank" are omitted as surplusage.

In subsection (b), reference to assimilated rank is omitted as superseded by section 9336 of this title. The words "and the associate professor" are omitted as obsolete.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9334 of this title as this section.

1989—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–189 substituted "director of admissions" for "registrar".

1958—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 85–600 inserted reference to registrar.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9435. Dean of the Faculty

(a) The Dean of the Faculty is responsible to the Superintendent for developing and sustaining the curriculum and overseeing the faculty of the Academy. The qualifications, selection procedures, training, pay grade, and retention of the Dean shall be prescribed by the Secretary of the Air Force, except that a person may not be appointed or assigned as Dean unless that person holds the highest academic degree in that person's academic field. If a person appointed as the Dean is not an officer on active duty, the person shall be appointed as a member of the Senior Executive Service.

(b) The retirement age of an officer appointed as Dean of the Faculty is that of a permanent professor of the Academy.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 562, §9335; Pub. L. 85–861, §33(a)(46)(A), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1567; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title V, §508(c), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3867; Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title V, §521(b), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2409; Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title V, §533(b), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 605; Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title V, §529(a), (b), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1471; Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title V, §542, Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1904; Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title V, §502(qq), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2106; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title V, §507(b), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1375; renumbered §9435, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Historical and Revision Notes
1956 Act
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9335(a) 9335(b)	10:1089 (2d sentence). 10:1089 (less 1st 20 words, and less 2d sentence).	June 26, 1946, ch. 495, §3 (less 1st 20 words), 60 Stat. 312.

In subsection (b), the word "grade" is substituted for the word "rank". The words "pay, allowances" are omitted, since they are determined by the grade held. The words "retirement rights" are omitted as covered by the word "benefits". The words "There is authorized", "from time to time", and "statutory" are omitted as surplusage. So much of 10:1089 as relates to the duties of the Dean of the Faculty is omitted as covered by section 8012(e) of this title.

1958 Act

The word "regular" is deleted [in sections 9335 and 9336] to make clear that a Dean or professor of the United States Air Force Academy holds only the office of "Dean" or "professor" and not the office of "brigadier general" or "colonel", as the case may be, even though he is entitled to the pay and allowances of that grade.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9335 of this title as this section.

2017—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–91 substituted "appointed as Dean of the Faculty" for "so appointed".

2016—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–328 struck out first and third sentences which read "While serving as Dean of the Faculty, an officer on active duty who holds a grade lower than brigadier general (or the equivalent) shall hold the grade of brigadier general (or the equivalent), if appointed to that grade by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate." and "An officer so appointed is counted for purposes of the applicable limitation in section 526(a) of this title on general officers on active duty.", respectively.

2004—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–375 inserted ", except that a person may not be appointed or assigned as Dean unless that person holds the highest academic degree in that person's academic field" after "Secretary of the Air Force".

2003—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–136, §529(a), amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows: "The Dean of the Faculty shall be appointed as an additional permanent professor from the permanent professors who have served as heads of departments of instruction at the Academy."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–136, §529(b), in first sentence, substituted "on active duty" for "of the Air Force" and inserted "(or the equivalent)" after "brigadier general" in two places and, in last sentence, inserted "applicable" before "limitation" and struck out "of the Air Force" after "general officers".

1999—Pub. L. 106–65 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b).

1992—Pub. L. 102–484 designated subsec. (a) as entire section and struck out subsec. (b) which read as follows: "The Dean has the grade of brigadier general while serving in such position, with the benefits authorized for regular brigadier generals of the Air Force, if appointed to that grade by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. However, the retirement age of an officer so appointed is that of a permanent professor of the Academy."

1986—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–661 amended subsec. (b) generally, substituting "while serving in such position" for "while serving as such" and "if appointed to that grade by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. However, the retirement age of an officer so appointed" for "except that his retirement age".

1958—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 85–861 substituted "the grade of brigadier general" for "the regular grade of brigadier general".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Effective Date of 2003 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–136 applicable with respect to any Dean of the Faculty of the United States Air Force Academy selected on or after Nov. 24, 2003, see section 529(d) of Pub. L. 108–136, set out as a note under section 9431 of this title.

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–661 applicable with respect to appointments or details made on or after Nov. 14, 1986, see section 508(f) of Pub. L. 99–661, set out as an Effective Date note under section 12210 of this title.

Effective Date of 1958 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 85–861 effective Aug. 10, 1956, see section 33(g) of Pub. L. 85–861, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

§9436. Permanent professors; director of admissions

(a) A permanent professor of the Academy who is the head of a department of instruction, or who has served as such a professor for more than six years, has the grade of colonel in the Air Force or the Space Force. However, a permanent professor appointed from the Regular Air Force or the Space Force has the grade of colonel after the date when such person completes six years of service as a professor, or after the date on which such person would have been promoted had such person been selected for promotion from among officers in the promotion zone, whichever is earlier. All other permanent professors have the grade of lieutenant colonel in the Air Force or the Space Force.

(b) A person appointed as director of admissions of the Academy has the regular grade of lieutenant colonel in the Air Force or the grade of lieutenant colonel in the Space Force, and, after such person has served six years as director of admissions, has the regular grade of colonel in the Air Force or the grade of lieutenant colonel in the Space Force. However, a person appointed from the Regular Air Force has the regular grade of colonel and a person appointed from the Space Force has the grade of colonel in the Space Force after the date when such person completes six years of service as director of admissions, or after the date on which such person would have been promoted had such person been selected for promotion from among officers in the promotion zone, whichever is earlier.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 562, §9336; Pub. L. 85–600, §1(22), Aug. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 524; Pub. L. 85–861, §33(a)(46)(B), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1567; Pub. L. 96–513, title II, §218(b), title V, §504(24), Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2886, 2917; Pub. L. 98–525, title V, §533(d)(2), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2528; Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title V, §515(a)(4), (b)(1), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1441; Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title V, §529(c)(2), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1472; renumbered §9436, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title IX, §923(d)(9), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3814; Pub. L. 118–31, div. A, title XVII, §1721(c)(1), Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 666.)

Historical and Revision Notes
1956 Act
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9336	10:1079a(a).	Aug. 7, 1947, ch. 512, §520(a) 61 Stat. 912.

The word "grade" is substituted for the word "rank". The words "pay, and allowances" are omitted, since they are determined by the grade held. 10:1079a(a) (last proviso), and the words "Hereafter each of", "who have been or may hereafter be", and "and appointed in" are omitted as surplusage.

1958 Act

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2023—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 118–31, §1721(c)(1)(A), struck out "the equivalent grade in" before "the Space Force." in two places and "and a permanent professor appointed from the Regular Space Force has the grade equivalent to the grade of colonel in the Regular Air Force" before "after the date when such person completes" and inserted "or the Space Force" after "from the Regular Air Force".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 118–31, §1721(c)(1)(B), substituted "the grade of lieutenant colonel in" for "the equivalent grade in" in two places and "Space Force has the grade of colonel in the Space Force" for "Regular Space Force has the grade equivalent to the grade of colonel in the Regular Air Force".

2021—Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(9)(B), substituted "such person" for "he" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(9)(A)(i), inserted "in the Air Force or the equivalent grade in the Space Force" after "grade of colonel", "and a permanent professor appointed from the Regular Space Force has the grade equivalent to the grade of colonel in the Regular Air Force" after "Force has the grade of colonel", and "in the Air Force or the equivalent grade in the Space Force" after "lieutenant colonel".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(9)(A)(ii), inserted "in the Air Force or the equivalent grade in the Space Force" after "colonel" in two places in first sentence, and "and a person appointed from the Regular Space Force has the grade equivalent to the grade of colonel in the Regular Air Force" before "after the date when" in second sentence. Insertions in first sentence were executed to reflect the probable intent of Congress due to omission of the words "by inserting" in directory language.

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9336 of this title as this section.

2003—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–136 struck out ", other than the Dean of the Faculty," after "Academy".

1989—Pub. L. 101–189, §515(b), substituted "director of admissions" for "registrar" in section catchline.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–189, §515(a)(4), substituted "director of admissions" for "registrar" in three places.

1984—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 98–525 substituted "on which he would have been promoted had he been selected for promotion from among officers in the promotion zone," for "when a regular officer, junior to him on the promotion list or active-duty list on which his name was carried before his appointment as a professor, is promoted to the regular grade of colonel,".

1980—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 96–513, §504(24), substituted "after the date when a regular officer, junior to him on the promotion list or active-duty list on which his name was carried" for "after the date when a promotion-list officer, junior to him on the promotion list on which his name was carried".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–513, §218(b), struck out subsec. (c) which provided that, unless he is serving in a higher grade, an officer detailed to perform the duties of registrar has, while performing those duties, the temporary grade of lieutenant colonel and, after performing those duties for a period of six years, has the temporary grade of colonel.

1958—Pub. L. 85–600, §1(22)(C), inserted "; registrar" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 85–861 substituted "has the grade of colonel" for "has the regular grade of colonel" in two places, and "have the grade of lieutenant colonel" for "have the regular grade of lieutenant colonel".

Pub. L. 85–600, §1(22)(A), designated existing provisions as subsec. (a).

Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 85–600, §1(22)(B), added subsecs. (b) and (c).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Effective Date of 2003 Amendment

Effective Date of 1980 Amendment

Amendment by section 218(b) of Pub. L. 96–513 effective Sept. 15, 1981, but the authority to prescribe regulations under the amendment by Pub. L. 96–513 effective on Dec. 12, 1980, see section 701 of Pub. L. 96–513.

Amendment by section 504(24) of Pub. L. 96–513 effective Sept. 15, 1981, see section 701 of Pub. L. 96–513, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1958 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 85–861 effective August 10, 1956, see section 33(g) of Pub. L. 85–861, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Service Performed as Registrar Prior to August 6, 1958

Prohibition against accrual of increase in pay or allowances for service performed prior to Aug. 6, 1958, see note set out under section 7436 of this title.

§9438. Civilian faculty: number; compensation

(a) The Secretary of the Air Force may employ as many civilians as professors, instructors, and lecturers at the Academy as the Secretary considers necessary.

(b) The compensation of persons employed under this section is as prescribed by the Secretary.

(c) The Secretary of the Air Force may, notwithstanding the provisions of subchapter V of chapter 55 of title 5 or section 6101 of such title, prescribe for persons employed under this section the following:

(1) The work schedule, including hours of work and tours of duty, set forth with such specificity and other characteristics as the Secretary determines appropriate.

(2) Any premium pay or compensatory time off for hours of work or tours of duty in excess of the regularly scheduled hours or tours of duty.

(Added Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title V, §533(b)(1), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1658, §9338; amended Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title XI, §1107(c), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 778; renumbered §9438, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9338 of this title as this section.

1999—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–65 added subsec. (c).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9441. Faculty and other officers: leaves of absence

The Superintendent of the Academy may grant a leave of absence for the period of the suspension of the ordinary academic studies, without deduction of pay or allowances, to a professor, assistant professor, instructor, or other officer of the Academy.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 563, §9341; renumbered §9441, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9341	10:1144.	R.S. 1330.

The words "under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Army" are omitted, since the Secretary has inherent authority to issue regulations appropriate to exercising his statutory functions.

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 9441 was renumbered section 9491 of this title.

Another prior section 9441, acts Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 572; Pub. L. 96–342, title X, §1007(a), (b)(1), Sept. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1121, 1122; Pub. L 96–513, title V, §514(12), Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2935; Pub. L. 98–525, title XV, §1533(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2632; Pub. L. 99–145, title XIII, §1303(a)(28), title XIV, §1458(a), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 740, 763; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title XIII, §1365(a), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 4002; Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title X, §1062, Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2847; Pub. L. 105–225, §4(a)(3), Aug. 12, 1998, 112 Stat. 1499, related to Civil Air Patrol status, support by Air Force, and employment, prior to the general amendment of former chapter 909 (now 959) of this title by Pub. L. 106–398.

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9341 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9441a. Cadets: appointment by the President

Cadets at the Academy shall be appointed by the President alone. An appointment is conditional until the cadet is admitted.

(Added Pub. L. 97–60, title II, §203(c)(2)(A), Oct. 14, 1981, 95 Stat. 1006, §9341a; renumbered §9441a, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9341a of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Effective Date

Section effective with respect to nominations for appointment to the first class admitted to each Academy after Oct. 14, 1981, see section 203(d) of Pub. L. 97–60, set out as a note under section 7441a of this title.

§9442. Cadets: appointment; numbers, territorial distribution

(a) The authorized strength of cadets of the Academy (determined for any year as of the day before the last day of the academic year) is 4,400 or such lower number as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Air Force under subsection (j). Subject to that limitation, cadets are selected as follows:

(1) 65 cadets selected in order of merit as established by competitive examination from the children of members of the armed forces who were killed in action or died of, or have a service-connected disability rated at not less than 100 per centum resulting from wounds or injuries received or diseases contracted in, or preexisting injury or disease aggravated by, active service, children of members who are in a "missing status" as defined in section 551(2) of title 37, and children of civilian employees who are in "missing status" as defined in section 5561(5) of title 5. The determination of the Department of Veterans Affairs as to service connection of the cause of death or disability, and the percentage at which the disability is rated, is binding upon the Secretary of the Air Force.

(2) Five cadets nominated at large by the Vice President or, if there is no Vice President, by the President pro tempore of the Senate.

(3) Ten cadets from each State, five of whom are nominated by each Senator from that State.

(4) Five cadets from each congressional district, nominated by the Representative from the district.

(5) Five cadets from the District of Columbia, nominated by the Delegate to the House of Representatives from the District of Columbia.

(6) Four cadets from the Virgin Islands, nominated by the Delegate in Congress from the Virgin Islands.

(7) Six cadets from Puerto Rico, five of whom are nominated by the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico and one who is a native of Puerto Rico nominated by the Governor of Puerto Rico.

(8) Five cadets from Guam, nominated by the Delegate in Congress from Guam.

(9) Three cadets from American Samoa, nominated by the Delegate in Congress from American Samoa.

(10) Three cadets from the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, nominated by the Delegate in Congress from the commonwealth.

Each Senator, Representative, and Delegate in Congress, including the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico, is entitled to nominate 15 persons ¹ for each vacancy that is available to him under this section. Nominees may be submitted without ranking or with a principal candidate and 9 ranked or unranked alternates. Qualified nominees not selected for appointment under this subsection shall be considered qualified alternates for the purposes of selection under other provisions of this chapter. When a nominee of a Senator, Representative, or Delegate is selected for appointment as a cadet, the Senator, Representative, or Delegate shall be notified at least 48 hours before the official notification or announcement of the appointment is made.

(b) In addition, there may be appointed each year at the Academy cadets as follows:

(1) one hundred selected by the President from the children of members of an armed force who—

(A) are on active duty (other than for training) and who have served continuously on active duty for at least eight years;

(B) are, or who died while they were, retired with pay or granted retired or retainer pay;

(C) are serving as members of reserve components, or the Space Force, and are credited with at least eight years of service computed under section 12733 of this title; or

(D) would be, or who died while they would have been, entitled to retired pay under chapter 1223 of this title except for not having attained 60 years of age;

however, a person who is eligible for selection under paragraph (1) of subsection (a) may not be selected under this paragraph.

(2) 85 nominated by the Secretary of the Air Force from enlisted members of the Regular Air Force or the Space Force.

(3) 85 nominated by the Secretary of the Air Force from enlisted members of reserve components of the Air Force.

(4) 20 nominated by the Secretary of the Air Force, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, from the honor graduates of schools designated as honor schools by the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, or the Department of the Air Force, and from members of the Air Force Reserve Officers' Training Corps.

(5) 200 ¹ selected by the Secretary of the Air Force in order of merit (prescribed pursuant to section 9443 of this title) from qualified alternates nominated by persons named in paragraphs (3) through (10) of subsection (a).

(c) The President may also appoint as cadets at the Academy children of persons who have been awarded the Medal of Honor for acts performed while in the armed forces.

(d) The Superintendent may nominate for appointment each year 50 persons from the country at large. Persons nominated under this paragraph may not displace any appointment authorized under paragraphs (2) through (9) of subsection (a) and may not cause the total strength of cadets to exceed the authorized number.

(e) If the annual quota of cadets under subsection (b)(1), (2), or (3) is not filled, the Secretary may fill the vacancies by nominating for appointment other candidates from any of these sources who were found best qualified on examination for admission and not otherwise nominated.

(f) Each candidate for admission nominated under paragraphs (3) through (9) of subsection (a) must be domiciled in the State, or in the congressional district, from which he is nominated, or in the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, if nominated from one of those places.

(g) The Secretary of the Air Force may limit the number of cadets authorized to be appointed under this section to the number that can be adequately accommodated at the Academy as determined by the Secretary after consulting with the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives, subject to the following:

(1) Cadets chargeable to each nominating authority named in subsection (a)(3) or (4) may not be limited to less than four.

(2) If the Secretary limits the number of appointments under subsection (a)(3) or (4), appointments under subsection (b)(1)–(4) are limited as follows:

(A) 27 appointments under subsection (b)(1);

(B) 27 appointments under subsection (b)(2);

(D) 13 appointments under subsection (b)(4).

(3) If the Secretary limits the number of appointments under subsection (b)(5), appointments under subsection (b)(2)–(4) are limited as follows:

(A) 27 appointments under subsection (b)(2);

(B) 27 appointments under subsection (b)(3); and

(4) The limitations provided for in this subsection do not affect the operation of subsection (e).

(h) The Superintendent shall furnish to any Member of Congress, upon the written request of such Member, the name of the Congressman or other nominating authority responsible for the nomination of any named or identified person for appointment to the Academy.

(i) For purposes of the limitation in subsection (a) establishing the aggregate authorized strength of cadets, the Secretary of the Air Force may for any year permit a variance in that limitation by not more than one percent. In applying that limitation, and any such variance, the last day of an academic year shall be considered to be graduation day.

(j)(1) Beginning with the 2003–2004 academic year, the Secretary of the Air Force may prescribe annual increases in the cadet strength limit in effect under subsection (a). For any academic year, any such increase shall be by no more than 100 cadets or such lesser number as applies under paragraph (3) for that year. Such annual increases may be prescribed until the cadet strength limit is 4,400.

(2) Any increase in the cadet strength limit under paragraph (1) with respect to an academic year shall be prescribed not later than the date on which the budget of the President is submitted to Congress under sections 1105 of title 31 for the fiscal year beginning in the same year as the year in which that academic year begins. Whenever the Secretary prescribes such an increase, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a notice in writing of the increase. The notice shall state the amount of the increase in the cadet strength limit and the new cadet strength limit, as so increased, and the amount of the increase in Senior Air Force Reserve Officers' Training Corps enrollment under each of sections 2104 and 2107 of this title.

(3) The amount of an increase under paragraph (1) in the cadet strength limit for an academic year may not exceed the increase (if any) for the preceding academic year in the total number of cadets enrolled in the Air Force Senior Reserve Officers' Training Corps program under chapter 103 of this title who have entered into an agreement under section 2104 or 2107 of this title.

(4) In this subsection, the term "cadet strength limit" means the authorized maximum strength of cadets of the Academy.

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9342(a)	10:1092a (1st par., less clauses (a) through (e)). 10:1092a (clauses (a), less 14th through 52d words after 4th semicolon; and less last 32 words).	R.S. 1317. June 30, 1950, ch. 421, §§1, 2 (last proviso), 64 stat. 303, 304; June 3, 1954, ch. 251, §2, 68 Stat. 169.
	10:1092a (1st 13 words of clause (b)).
	10:1092a (1st 26 words of clause (c)).
	10:1092a (clause (d)).
	10:1092a (clause (e), less last 53 words).
9342(b)	10:1092a (last par.).
	10:1098.
9342(c)	10:1092a (14th through 52d words after 4th semicolon of clause (a)).
	10:1092b (last proviso).
9342(d)	10:1092a (last 32 words of clause (a)).
9342(e)	10:1092a (clause (b), less 1st 13 words, and less 1st proviso).
9342(f)	10:1092a (1st proviso of clause (b)).
9342(g)	10:1092a (clause (c), less 1st 26 words).
9342(h)	10:1092a (last 53 words of clause (e)).

In subsection (a), the words "the authorized strength * * * is as follows—" are substituted for the words "shall be authorized and consist of the following". The words "at large" and "which totals two thousand four hundred and ninety-six", and 10:1092a (clause (d)) are omitted as surplusage.

In subsection (b), the words "from whatever source of admission", in 10:1092a, are omitted as surplusage. 10:1098 (words before last semicolon) is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (c), the first 15 words are substituted for the words "all of which cadets shall be". The words "domiciled in" are substituted for the words "actual residents of" to conform to opinions of the Judge Advocate General of the Army (R. 29, 83; J.A.G. 351.11, Feb. 10, 1925).

In subsection (e)(4), the words "armed forces" are substituted for the description of the land or naval forces. The date February 1, 1955, fixed by Proclamation No. 3080 (Jan. 7, 1955; 20 F.R. 173), is substituted for the words "such date as shall thereafter be determined by Presidential proclamation or concurrent resolution of the Congress under section 745 of title 38". The words "including male and female members of * * * and all components thereof" are omitted as surplusage.

In subsection (f), the words "whether a death is service-connected" are substituted for the words "as to the service connection of the cause of death".

In subsection (g), the words "(National Guard of the United States, the Air National Guard of the United States and Army Reserve, and the Air Force Reserve)", "Regular components", "by members of the National Guard of the United States, and the Air National Guard of the United States", and "established at the competitive entrance examination" are omitted as surplusage. The word "grades" is substituted for the words "proficiency averages".

In subsection (h), the words "or shall hereafter be" are omitted as surplusage.

Applicability of Amendment

Amendment of section by section 561(c) of Pub. L. 118–31 applicable to nominations of candidates and appointments to the Service Academies for classes entering such Service Academies beginning with the 2025-2026 academic year. See 2023 Amendment note below.

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 9442 was renumbered section 9492 of this title.

Another prior section 9442, added Pub. L. 98–525, title XV, §1533(b)(1), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2632, related to assistance of Civil Air Patrol by other agencies, prior to the general amendment of former chapter 909 (now 959) of this title by Pub. L. 106–398.

Amendments

2023—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 118–31, §561(c)(1), substituted "15 persons" for "10 persons" in concluding provisions.

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 118–31, §562(c), substituted "Five" for "Four".

Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 118–31, §1721(c)(2)(A), inserted ", or the Space Force," after "members of reserve components".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 118–31, §1721(c)(2)(B), struck out "Regular" before "Space Force".

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 118–31, §561(c)(2), substituted "200" for "150".

2022—Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 117–263 substituted "paragraphs (3) through (10)" for "paragraphs (3) and (4)".

2021—Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(10)(A)(i), substituted "cadets" for "Air Force Cadets" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(10)(A)(ii), inserted "or the Regular Space Force" after "Regular Air Force".

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(10)(B), substituted "prescribed by the Secretary" for "prescribed by him".

2018—Pub. L. 115–232, §806(a)(3), renumbered section 9342 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 115–232, §809(a), substituted "section 9443" for "section 9343".

2016—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–328 inserted at end of concluding provisions "When a nominee of a Senator, Representative, or Delegate is selected for appointment as a cadet, the Senator, Representative, or Delegate shall be notified at least 48 hours before the official notification or announcement of the appointment is made."

2015—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 114–92, §556(c)(1), substituted "Four" for "Three".

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 114–92, §556(c)(2), substituted "Four" for "Three".

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 114–92, §556(c)(3), substituted "Three" for "Two".

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 114–92, §556(c)(4), substituted "Three" for "Two".

2013—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 112–239, §1076(f)(42)(A)(i), substituted "paragraph" for "clause" in two places in concluding provisions.

Subsecs. (b)(5), (d), (f). Pub. L. 112–239, §1076(f)(42)(A)(ii)–(C), substituted "paragraphs" for "clauses".

2009—Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 111–84 substituted "Two cadets" for "One cadet".

2008—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–417, §540(c)(1), substituted "4,400 or such lower number" for "4,000 or such higher number" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 110–229 substituted "Delegate in Congress" for "resident representative".

Subsec. (j)(1). Pub. L. 110–417, §540(c)(2), struck out last sentence which read as follows: "However, no increase may be prescribed for any academic year after the 2007–2008 academic year."

2006—Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 109–364 substituted "cadets" for "cadet".

2003—Subsec. (a)(6), (8). Pub. L. 108–136, §524(c)(1), substituted "Three" for "Two".

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 108–136, §524(c)(2), substituted "Two" for "One".

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 108–136, §1031(a)(58), substituted "Superintendent" for "Secretary of the Air Force".

2002—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–314, §532(c)(1), inserted before period at end of first sentence "or such higher number as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Air Force under subsection (j)".

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 107–314, §532(c)(2), added subsec. (j).

2000—Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title V, §531(c)(1)], struck out ", other than those granted retired pay under section 12731 of this title (or under section 1331 of this title as in effect before the effective date of the Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act)" after "retired or retainer pay".

Subsec. (b)(1)(C), (D). Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title V, §531(c)(2)], added subpars. (C) and (D).

1999—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–65, §531(b)(3)(A), substituted "(determined for any year as of the day before the last day of the academic year) is 4,000. Subject to that limitation, Air Force Cadets are selected as follows:" for "is as follows:" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 106–65, §1067(1), substituted "and the Committee on Armed Services" for "and the Committee on National Security" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 106–65, §531(b)(3)(B), added subsec. (i).

1997—Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 105–85 substituted "Mariana" for "Marianas".

1996—Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 104–106, §532(c), added par. (10).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 104–106, §1502(a)(1), substituted "Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on National Security of the House of Representatives" for "Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives".

1994—Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 103–337 substituted "section 12731 of this title (or under section 1331 of this title as in effect before the effective date of the Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act)" for "section 1331 of this title".

1993—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–160, in concluding provisions, substituted "10 persons" for "a principal candidate and nine alternates" and inserted at end "Nominees may be submitted without ranking or with a principal candidate and 9 ranked or unranked alternates. Qualified nominees not selected for appointment under this subsection shall be considered qualified alternates for the purposes of selection under other provisions of this chapter."

1990—Subsec. (a)(8) to (10). Pub. L. 101–510, §532(c)(1)(A), redesignated cls. (9) and (10) as (8) and (9), respectively, and struck out former cl. (8) which read as follows: "One cadet nominated by the Administrator of the Panama Canal Commission from the children of civilian personnel of the United States Government residing in the Republic of Panama who are citizens of the United States."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101–510, §532(c)(1)(B), substituted "clauses (2) through (9)" for "clauses (2)–(7), (9), or (10)".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 101–510, §532(c)(1)(C), substituted "clauses (3) through (9)" for "clauses (3)–(7), (9) and (10)".

1989—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 101–189 substituted "Department of Veterans Affairs" for "Veterans' Administration".

1983—Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 98–94, §1005(b)(3), substituted: "One cadet nominated by the Administrator of the Panama Canal Commission from the children of civilian personnel of the United States Government residing in the Republic of Panama who are citizens of the United States" for "One cadet nominated by the Governor of the Panama Canal from the children of civilians residing in the Canal Zone or the children of civilian personnel of the United States Government, or the Panama Canal Company, residing in the Republic of Panama".

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 98–94, §1005(a)(3), substituted "One cadet from American Samoa, nominated by the Delegate in Congress from American Samoa" for "One cadet from American Samoa nominated by the Secretary of the Air Force upon recommendation of the Governor of American Samoa".

1981—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 97–60 substituted provisions authorizing the Superintendent to nominate for appointment each year 50 persons from the country at large for provisions that all cadets were to be appointed by the President and that all such appointments were conditional until the cadets were admitted. See section 9341a of this title.

1980—Subsec. (a)(6), (9). Pub. L. 96–600 substituted "Two cadets" for "One cadet".

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 96–513 substituted "The" for "Effective beginning with the nominations for appointment to the Academy in the calendar year 1964, the".

1975—Subsecs. (a)(1), (8), (b)(1), (c). Pub. L. 94–106 substituted "children" for "sons" wherever appearing.

1973—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 93–171, §3(1), substituted "One cadet from the Virgin Islands, nominated by the Delegate in Congress from the Virgin Islands" for "Five cadets from each Territory, nominated by the Delegate in Congress from that Territory".

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 93–171, §3(2), struck out reference to American Samoa and Virgin Islands.

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 93–171, §3(3), added cl. (10).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 93–171, §3(4), substituted ", (9) and (10) of subsection (a)" for "and (9) of subsection (a)" and struck out reference to Territory.

1972—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 92–365 increased number of Air Force Cadets from 40 to 65 and added sons of members who are in missing status and sons of civilian employees who are in missing status as eligible for competitive examination.

1970—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 91–405 substituted "delegate to the House of Representatives from the District of Columbia" for "Commissioner of that District".

1968—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 90–374 increased from five to nine the number of alternates for each vacancy each Senator, Representative, and Delegate in Congress, including the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico, is entitled to nominate.

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 90–623 substituted "Commissioner" for "Commissioners".

1966—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 89–650, §1(1), provided for selection of cadets to the Air Force Academy from sons of members of the armed forces who have a 100 per centum service-connected disability and removed the limitation to active service during World War I or World War II or after June 26, 1950, and before Feb. 1, 1955.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 89–650, §1(2), provided for nominations to Air Force Academy by President pro tempore of Senate if there is no Vice President.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 89–650, §1(3), increased number of Presidential appointments to Air Force Academy from 75 to 100, provided for selection of eligible persons as stated in items (A) and (B), previously chosen from sons of members of regular components, and declared persons eligible under subsec. (a)(1) ineligible under subsec. (b)(1) of this section.

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 89–650, §1(5), substituted "reserve components of the Air Force" for "the Air Force Reserve".

1964—Pub. L. 88–276 amended section generally, and among other changes, in the noncompetitive appointments, increased the number of cadets nominated by the Vice President from three to five, each Senator, Representative and Delegate from 4 to 5, and the Commissioner of Puerto Rico from 4 to 5, authorized the Governor of Puerto Rico to appoint one cadet, each Senator, Representative and Delegate to nominate a principal and five alternates for each vacancy, and, in the competitive appointments, permitted the President to appoint 75 cadets annually from the sons of members of the Regular components, instead of a cumulative total of 89, the Secretary of the Air Force to appoint 85 cadets annually from enlisted members of the Regular Air Force, instead of a cumulative total of 90, 85 annually from enlisted members of the Air Force Reserve, instead of a cumulative total of 90, 20 annually from honor graduates of designated honor schools and the A.F.R.O.T.C., instead of a cumulative total of 40 from honor schools only, 150 annually, in order of merit, from among the qualified alternates nominated by Members of Congress, and when the quota of cadets selected under subsec. (b)(1), (2), (3) is not filled, to fill the vacancies by appointing those best qualified from any of the three sources, decreased the number of cadets nominated by the Commissioners of the District of Columbia from 6 to 5, and by the Governor of the Panama Canal from 2 to 1, limited appointments to the number that can be adequately accommodated at the Academy, within the limitation that congressional appointments cannot be limited to less than four, and if limited, a priority of selection is established for the other categories, and, beginning in 1964, the Secretary may upon request of a Member of Congress, furnish him the name of any nominating authority responsible for the nomination of any identified person to the Academy.

1962—Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 87–663, §1(5), added cl. (10).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 87–663, §1(6), inserted references to American Samoa, Guam, and the Virgin Islands, and substituted "Clauses (1)–(5) and (10)" for "clauses (1)–(5)".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2023 Amendment

Amendment by section 561(c) of Pub. L. 118–31 applicable to nominations of candidates and appointments to the Service Academies for classes entering such Service Academies beginning with the 2025-2026 academic year, see section 561(d) of Pub. L. 118–31, set out as a note under section 7442 of this title.

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Effective Date of 2016 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–328 applicable with respect to the appointment of cadets and midshipmen to the United States Military Academy, the United States Naval Academy, the United States Air Force Academy, and the United States Merchant Marine Academy for classes entering these service academies after Jan. 1, 2018, see section 566(e) of Pub. L. 114–328, set out as a note under section 7442 of this title.

Effective Date of 2015 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–92 applicable with respect to the nomination of candidates for appointment to the United States Military Academy, Naval Academy, and Air Force Academy for classes entering after Nov. 25, 2015, see section 556(d) of Pub. L. 114–92, set out as a note under section 7442 of this title.

Effective Date of 2009 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–84 applicable with respect to appointments to the United States Air Force Academy beginning with the first class of candidates nominated for appointment after Oct. 28, 2009, see section 527(d) of Pub. L. 111–84, set out as a note under section 7442 of this title.

Effective Date of 2008 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–417 applicable with respect to academic years at the Air Force Academy after the 2007–2008 academic year, see section 540(d) of Pub. L. 110–417, set out as a note under section 7442 of this title.

Effective Date of 2003 Amendment

Amendment by section 524(c) of Pub. L. 108–136 applicable with respect to nomination of candidates for appointment to United States Air Force Academy for classes entering after Nov. 24, 2003, see section 524(d) of Pub. L. 108–136, set out as a note under section 7442 of this title.

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–337 effective Dec. 1, 1994, except as otherwise provided, see section 1691 of Pub. L. 103–337, set out as an Effective Date note under section 10001 of this title.

Effective Date of 1981 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 97–60 effective with respect to nominations for appointment to the first class admitted to each Academy after Oct. 14, 1981, see section 203(d) of Pub. L. 97–60, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7441a of this title.

Effective Date of 1980 Amendments

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–600 effective beginning with nominations for appointment to the service academies for academic years beginning more than one year after Dec. 24, 1980, see section 2(d) of Pub. L. 96–600, set out as a note under section 7442 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–513 effective Dec. 12, 1980, see section 701(b)(3) of Pub. L. 96–513, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1973 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 93–171 effective beginning with the nominations for appointment to the service academies in the calendar year 1974, see section 4 of Pub. L. 93–171, set out as a note under section 7442 of this title.

Effective Date of 1970 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 91–405 effective Sept. 22, 1970, see section 206(b) of Pub. L. 91–405, set out as an Effective Date note under section 25a of Title 2, The Congress.

Effective Date of 1968 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 90–623 intended to restate without substantive change the law in effect on Oct. 22, 1968, see section 6 of Pub. L. 90–623, set out as a note under section 5334 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Effective Date; Interim System for Appointment of Cadets

Act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, §52(b), 70A Stat. 641, as amended by Pub. L. 85–182, Aug. 28, 1957, 71 Stat. 463, provided that section 9342(a) [now 9442(a)] of Title 10, Armed Forces would take effect four years after the entrance of the initial class at the United States Air Force Academy. However, for the four-year period beginning with the class of cadets entering in July 1959, not more than one quarter of the number of cadets authorized by clause (1), (2), (3), (4), (7), or (8) of that section could be appointed in any one academic year; two of the number of cadets authorized by clause (5) of that section could be appointed in the first and third years of that four-year period, and not more than one of the number authorized by it could be appointed in the second and fourth years of that period; and one cadet authorized by clause (6) of that section could be appointed in the first two years of that four-year period, and not more than one of the number authorized by it could be appointed in the second two years of that period. In addition, during that four-year period, the nominating authority named in clauses (1) to (6) of that section could select for each cadet allocated to him for the year concerned a principal candidate and not more than ten alternate candidates, or he could nominate as many candidates as the Secretary prescribed and authorize the Secretary to select the principal candidates in order of merit as determined by competitive examination. In carrying out section 9343 [now 9443] of Title 10, during that four-year period, only qualified alternates who were nominated by the authorities named in clauses (1) to (4) of section 9342(a) could be nominated for appointment as cadets. Not more than one qualified alternate nominated by any one authority named in those classes could be appointed as a cadet, after nomination under section 9343 [now 9443], during each year of that four-year period.

Limitation on Number of Cadets and Midshipmen Authorized To Attend Service Academies

Authorized strength of service academies not to exceed 4,000 per academy for class years beginning after 1994, and any reduction in number of appointments not to be achieved by reduction in number of appointments under subsec. (a) of this section, see section 511 of Pub. L. 102–190, set out as a note under section 7442 of this title.

Eligibility of Female Individuals for Appointment and Admission to Service Academies; Uniform Application of Academic and Other Standards to Male and Female Individuals

Secretary required to take such action as may be necessary and appropriate to insure that (1) female individuals shall be eligible for appointment and admission to the United States Air Force Academy, beginning with appointments to such academy for the class beginning in calendar year 1976, and (2) the academic and other relevant standards required for appointment, admission, training, graduation, and commissioning of female individuals shall be the same as those required for male individuals, except for those minimum essential adjustments in such standards required because of physiological differences between male and female individuals, see section 803(a) of Pub. L. 94–106, set out as a note under section 7442 of this title.

Secretary To Implement Policy of Expeditious Admission of Women to the Academy

Secretary to continue to exercise the authority granted under this chapter and chapters 403 and 603 of this title, but such authority to be exercised within a program providing for the orderly and expeditious admission of women to the Academy, consistent with the needs of the services, see section 803(c) of Pub. L. 94–106, set out as a note under section 7442 of this title.

¹ See Applicability of Amendment note below.

§9442a. Cadets: nomination in event of death, resignation, or expulsion from office of Member of Congress otherwise authorized to nominate

(a) Senators.—In the event a Senator does not submit all nominations for cadets allocated to such Senator for an academic year in accordance with section 9442(a)(3) of this title, due to death, resignation from office, or expulsion from office, and the date of the swearing-in of the Senator's successor as Senator occurs after the date of the deadline for submittal of nominations for cadets for the academic year, the nominations for cadets for such academic year, otherwise authorized to be made by the Senator pursuant to such section, may be made instead by the other Senator from the State of such Representative.

(b) Representatives.—In the event a Representative does not submit all nominations for cadets allocated to such Representative for an academic year in accordance with section 9442(a)(4) of this title, due to death, resignation from office, or expulsion from office, and the date of the swearing-in of the Representative's successor as Representative occurs after the date of the deadline for submittal of nominations for cadets for the academic year, the nominations for cadets for such academic year, otherwise authorized to be made by the Representative pursuant to such section, may be made instead by the Senators from the State of such Representative, with such nominations divided equally among such Senators and any remainder going to the senior Senator from the State.

(c) Rule of Construction.—The nomination of a cadet by a Member of Congress pursuant to this section shall not be construed to permanently reallocate nominations under section 9442 of this title.

(Added Pub. L. 117–81, div. A, title V, §553(c)(1), Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 1737.)

§9443. Cadets: appointment; to bring to full strength

If it is determined that, upon the admission of a new class to the Academy, the number of cadets at the Academy will be below the authorized number, the Secretary of the Air Force may fill the vacancies by nominating additional cadets from qualified candidates designated as alternates and from other qualified candidates who competed for nomination and are recommended and found qualified by the Academy Board. At least three-fourths of those nominated under this section shall be selected from qualified alternates nominated by the persons named in paragraphs (2) through (8) of section 9442(a) of this title, and the remainder from qualified candidates holding competitive nominations under any other provision of law. An appointment under this section is an additional appointment and is not in place of an appointment otherwise authorized by law.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 564, §9343; Pub. L. 88–276, §4(2), Mar. 3, 1964, 78 Stat. 153; Pub. L. 89–718, §46, Nov. 2, 1966, 80 Stat. 1121; Pub. L. 93–171, §3(5), Nov. 29, 1973, 87 Stat. 691; Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title V, §532(a)(2), (c)(2), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1563, 1564; Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title X, §1076(f)(43), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1955; renumbered §9443 and amended Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §§806(a)(3), 809(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832, 1840.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9343	10:1092d.	June 30, 1950, ch. 421, §4, 64 Stat. 305.

The words "If it is determined" are substituted for the words "When upon determination". The words "within his discretion" are omitted as covered by the word "may". The words "within the capacity of the Academy", "from the remaining sources of admission authorized by law", and "to be admitted in such class" are omitted as surplusage. The words "by the persons named in clauses (1)–(6) of section 9342(a), and clause (2) of section 9342(e), of this title" are substituted for the words "by the Vice President, Members of the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States, Delegates and Resident Commissioners, the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, and the Governor of the Canal Zone". The words "under any other provision of law" are substituted for the words "from sources authorized by law other than those holding such alternate appointments".

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

Prior sections 9443 to 9445 were renumbered sections 9493 to 9495 of this title, respectively.

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9343 of this title as this section and substituted "section 9442(a)" for "section 9342(a)".

2013—Pub. L. 112–239 substituted "paragraphs" for "clauses".

1990—Pub. L. 101–510, §532(a)(2), (c)(2), amended section identically, substituting "clauses (2) through (8)" for "clauses (2)–(9)".

1973—Pub. L. 93–171 substituted "clauses (2)–(9) of section 9342(a)" for "clauses (2)–(8) of section 9342(a)".

1966—Pub. L. 89–718 substituted "Academy Board" for "Faculty".

1964—Pub. L. 88–276, among other changes, increased percentage of nominees to be selected from two-thirds to three-fourths, and struck out "as are necessary to meet the needs of the Air Force, but not more than the authorized strength of Air Force cadets" after "the Faculty".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Effective Date of 1973 Amendment

For effective date of amendment by Pub. L. 93–171, see section 4 of Pub. L. 93–171, set out as a note under section 7442 of this title.

Number of Alternate Appointees From Congressional Sources Not To Be Reduced Because of Additional Presidential Appointments

Nonreduction of number of appointees from congressional sources under this section because of additional Presidential appointments under section 9342(b) (1) of this title, see section 2 of Pub. L. 89–650, set out as a note under section 7443 of this title.

§9446. Cadets: requirements for admission

(a) To be eligible for admission to the Academy a candidate must be at least 17 years of age and must not have passed his twenty-third birthday on July 1 of the year in which he enters the Academy.

(b) To be admitted to the Academy, an appointee must show, by an examination held under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Air Force, that he is qualified in the subjects prescribed by the Secretary.

(c) A candidate designated as a principal or an alternate for appointment as a cadet shall appear for physical examination at a time and place designated by the Secretary.

(d) To be admitted to the Academy, an appointee must take and subscribe to an oath prescribed by the Secretary of the Air Force. If a candidate for admission refuses to take and subscribe to the prescribed oath, his appointment is terminated.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 565, §9346; Pub. L. 89–718, §47, Nov. 2, 1966, 80 Stat. 1121; Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title V, §555(d), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2527; renumbered §9446, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9346(a) 9346(b) 9346(c)	10:1092b (less provisos). 10:1096. 10:1095.	June 30, 1950, ch. 421, §2 (less provisos), 64 Stat. 304.
		R.S. 1319; restated Mar. 2, 1901, ch. 804 (1st proviso under "Permanent Establishment"), 31 Stat. 911.
		Aug. 9, 1912, ch. 275 (2d proviso under "Permanent Establishment"), 37 Stat. 252.

In subsection (a), the words "Effective January 1, 1951" are omitted as executed. The word "Calendar" is omitted as surplusage. The words "must not have passed his twenty-second birthday" are substituted for the words "not more than twenty-two years of age", to make it clear that a person whose twenty-second birthday falls on July 1 of the year of admission is eligible (see opinion of the Judge Advocate General of the Army (JAGA 1952/7083, 2 Sept. 1952)).

In subsection (b), the words "is qualified in" are substituted for the words "to be well versed in". The words "To be" are substituted for the words "before they shall be". The words "an appointee must show that he is qualified" are substituted for the words "shall be required to be well versed". The words "from time to time" are omitted as surplusage.

In subsection (c), the word "shall" is substituted for the word "may", since the nominee is required to appear for the examination. The word "appear" is substituted for the words "present himself". The words "at a place" are substituted for the words "at West Point, New York, or other prescribed places".

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 9446 was renumbered section 9496 of this title.

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9346 of this title as this section.

1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–201 substituted "twenty-third birthday" for "twenty-second birthday".

1966—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 89–718 added subsec. (d).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Authority To Waive Maximum Age Limitation on Admission to Service Academies for Certain Enlisted Members Who Served During Persian Gulf War

For authority to waive maximum age limitation in subsec. (a) of this section on basis of service on active duty in connection with Operation Desert Storm, see section 514 of Pub. L. 102–190, set out as a note under section 7446 of this title.

§9447. Cadets; nominees: effect of redistricting of States

If as a result of redistricting a State the domicile of a cadet, or a nominee, nominated by a Representative falls within a congressional district other than that from which he was nominated, he is charged to the district in which his domicile so falls. For this purpose, the number of cadets otherwise authorized for that district is increased to include him. However, the number as so increased is reduced by one if he fails to become a cadet or when he is finally separated from the Academy.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 565, §9347, renumbered §9447, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9347	10:1091–1.	July 7, 1943, ch. 193, 57 Stat. 383.

The word "domicile" is substituted for the words "place of residence" and "residence" to conform to opinions of the Judge Advocate General of the Army (R. 29, 83; J.A.G. 351.11, Feb. 10, 1925). The words "a * * * other than that from which he was nominated" are substituted for the word "another". The words "were appointed with respect to", "of the former district", "as additional numbers", "at such academy for the Representative", "temporarily", and "in attendance at such academy under an appointment from such former district" are omitted as surplusage. The words "the district in which his domicile so falls" are substituted for the words "of the latter district". The words "to include him" are substituted for 10:1091–1 (18 words before proviso). The words "but the number as so increased" are substituted for 10:1091–1 (1st 13 words of proviso). The words "if he fails to become a cadet" are inserted for clarity.

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 9447 was renumbered section 9497 of this title.

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9347 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9448. Cadets: agreement to serve as officer

(a) Each cadet shall sign an agreement with respect to the cadet's length of service in the armed forces. The agreement shall provide that the cadet agrees to the following:

(1) That the cadet will complete the course of instruction at the Academy.

(2) That upon graduation from the Academy the cadet—

(A) will accept an appointment, if tendered, as a commissioned officer of the Regular Air Force or the Space Force; and

(B) will serve on active duty for at least five years immediately after such appointment.

(3) That if an appointment described in paragraph (2) is not tendered or if the cadet is permitted to resign as a regular officer, or to terminate the officer's order to sustained duty in the Space Force before completion of the commissioned service obligation of the cadet, the cadet—

(A) will accept an appointment as a commissioned officer as a Reserve in the Air Force for service in the Air Force Reserve or will accept further assignment in a space force active status; and

(B) will remain in that reserve component, or the Space Force, until completion of the commissioned service obligation of the cadet.

(4) That if an appointment described in paragraph (2) or (3) is tendered and the cadet participates in a program under section 2121 of this title, the cadet will fulfill any unserved obligation incurred under this section on active duty, regardless of the type of appointment held, upon completion of, and in addition to, any service obligation incurred under section 2123 of this title for participation in such program.

(5) That the cadet may not obtain employment as a professional athlete until two years after the cadet graduates from the Academy.

(b)(1) The Secretary of the Air Force may transfer to the Air Force Reserve, and may order to active duty for such period of time as the Secretary prescribes (but not to exceed four years), a cadet who breaches an agreement under subsection (a). The period of time for which a cadet is ordered to active duty under this paragraph may be determined without regard to section 651(a) of this title.

(2) A cadet who is transferred to the Air Force Reserve under paragraph (1) shall be transferred in an appropriate enlisted grade or rating, as determined by the Secretary.

(3) For the purposes of paragraph (1), a cadet shall be considered to have breached an agreement under subsection (a) if the cadet is separated from the Academy under circumstances which the Secretary determines constitute a breach by the cadet of the cadet's agreement to complete the course of instruction at the Academy and accept an appointment as a commissioned officer upon graduation from the Academy.

(4) A cadet who violates paragraph (5) of subsection (a) is not eligible for the alternative obligation under paragraph (1).

(c) The Secretary of the Air Force shall prescribe regulations to carry out this section. Those regulations shall include—

(1) standards for determining what constitutes, for the purpose of subsection (b), a breach of an agreement under subsection (a);

(2) that a cadet who obtains employment as a professional athlete—

(A) in violation of paragraph (5) of subsection (a) has breached an agreement under such subsection; and

(B) at least two years after the cadet graduates from the Academy has not breached an agreement under subsection (a);

(3) procedures for determining whether such a breach has occurred; and

(4) standards for determining the period of time for which a person may be ordered to serve on active duty under subsection(b).

(d) In this section, the term "commissioned service obligation", with respect to a cadet, means the period beginning on the date of the cadet's appointment as a commissioned officer and ending on the sixth anniversary of such appointment or, at the discretion of the Secretary of Defense, any later date up to the eighth anniversary of such appointment.

(e)(1) This section does not apply to a cadet who is not a citizen or national of the United States.

(2) In the case of a cadet who is a minor and who has parents or a guardian, the cadet may sign the agreement required by subsection (a) only with the consent of a parent or guardian.

(f) A cadet or former cadet who does not fulfill each term of the agreement as specified under subsection (a), or the alternative obligation imposed under subsection (b), shall be subject to the repayment provisions of section 303a(e) or 373 of title 37.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 565, §9348; Pub. L. 88–276, §5(a), Mar. 3, 1964, 78 Stat. 153; Pub. L. 88–647, title III, §301(25), Oct. 13, 1964, 78 Stat. 1073; Pub. L. 98–525, title V, §§541(c), 542(d), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2529; Pub. L. 99–145, title V, §512(c), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 625; Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title V, §511(d), title XVI, §1622(e)(5), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1439, 1605; Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title V, §531(c), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 314; Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title VI, §687(c)(11), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3335; Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title X, §1073(a)(29), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2474; Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title V, §554(c), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4221; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title V, §543(c), title VI, §618(a)(1)(M), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1396, 1426; renumbered §9448, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832; Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title V, §554(c), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1388; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title IX, §923(d)(11), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3815; Pub. L. 117–263, div. A, title V, §553(c), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 2593; Pub. L. 118–31, div. A, title XVII, §1721(c)(3), Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 666.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9348	10:1092c.	June 30, 1950, ch. 421, §3, 64 Stat. 304.

The word "agreement" is substituted for the word "articles". The words "Hereafter", "appointed to the United States Military Academy", "engage", and 10: 1092c (1st 25 words of clause (2) are omitted as surplusage. The word "separated" is substituted for the words "discharged by competent authority". The words "if he is permitted to resign" are substituted for the words "in the event of the acceptance of his resignation", since a resignation is effective only when accepted. The first 32 words of clause (3) are substituted for 10:1092c (last 29 words of clause (3)). The last sentence is substituted for the words "with the consent of his parents or guardian if he be a minor, and if any he have".

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 9448 was renumbered section 9498 of this title.

Amendments

2023—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 118–31, §1721(c)(3)(A), struck out "Regular" before "Space Force".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 118–31, §1721(c)(3)(B)(i), inserted ", or to terminate the officer's order to sustained duty in the Space Force" after "resign as a regular officer" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(3)(A). Pub. L. 118–31, §1721(c)(3)(B)(ii), substituted "or will accept further assignment in a space force active status" for "or as a Reserve in the Space Force for service in the Space Force Reserve".

Subsec. (a)(3)(B). Pub. L. 118–31, §1721(c)(3)(B)(iii), inserted ", or the Space Force," after "that reserve component".

2022—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 117–263, §553(c)(1), amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) read as follows: "That the cadet—

"(A) will not seek release from the cadet's commissioned service obligation or seek or accept approval for off-duty employment while completing the cadet's commissioned service obligation to obtain employment as a professional athlete following graduation until the cadet completes a period of at least two consecutive years of commissioned service; and

"(B) understands that the appointment alternative described in paragraph (2) will not be used to allow the cadet to obtain such employment until at least the end of that two-year period."

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 117–263, §553(c)(2), added par. (4).

Subsec. (c)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 117–263, §553(c)(3), added par. (2) and redesignated former pars. (2) and (3) as (3) and (4), respectively.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 117–263, §553(c)(4), substituted "with respect to a cadet" for "with respect to an officer who is a graduate of the Academy" and "cadet's" for "officer's".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 117–263, §553(c)(5), substituted "each term" for "the terms".

2021—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(11)(A), inserted "or the Regular Space Force" after "Regular Air Force".

Subsec. (a)(3)(A). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(11)(B), inserted "or as a Reserve in the Space Force for service in the Space Force Reserve" after "Air Force Reserve".

2019—Subsec. (a)(5)(A). Pub. L. 116–92 inserted "or seek or accept approval for off-duty employment while completing the cadet's commissioned service obligation" before "to obtain employment".

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9348 of this title as this section.

2017—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 115–91, §543(c), added par. (5).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–91, §618(a)(1)(M), inserted "or 373" before "of title 37".

2011—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 111–383 added par. (4).

2009—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 111–84 substituted "subsection (a)" for "section (a)".

2006—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–163 added subsec. (f).

1996—Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 104–106 substituted "five years" for "six years".

1989—Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 101–189, §511(d), substituted "six years" for "five years".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101–189, §1622(e)(5), inserted "the term" after "In this section,".

1985—Pub. L. 99–145 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section read as follows:

"(a) Each cadet who is a citizen or national of the United States shall sign an agreement that he will—

"(1) unless sooner separated from the Academy, complete the course of instruction at the Academy;

"(2) accept an appointment and, unless sooner separated from the service, serve as a commissioned officer of the Regular Air Force for at least the five years immediately after graduation; and

"(3) accept an appointment as a commissioned officer as a Reserve for service in the Air Force Reserve and, unless sooner separated from the service, remain therein until at least the sixth anniversary and, at the direction of the Secretary of Defense, up to the eighth anniversary of his graduation, if an appointment in the Regular Air Force is not tendered to him, or if he is permitted to resign as a commissioned officer of that component before that anniversary.

If the cadet is a minor and has parents or a guardian, he may sign the agreement only with the consent of the parents or guardian.

"(b) A cadet who does not fulfill his agreement under subsection (a) may be transferred by the Secretary of the Air Force to the Air Force Reserve in an appropriate enlisted grade and, notwithstanding section 651 of this title, may be ordered to active duty to serve in that grade for such period of time as the Secretary prescribes but not for more than four years."

1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–525, §541(c), struck out ", unless sooner separated," in introductory text before "he will"; inserted in cl. (1) "unless sooner separated from the Academy,"; and inserted ", unless sooner separated from the service," in cls. (2) and (3).

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 98–525, §542(d), substituted "at least the sixth anniversary and, at the direction of the Secretary of Defense, up to the eighth anniversary" for "the sixth anniversary".

1964—Pub. L. 88–647 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b).

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 88–276 substituted "five" for "three".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2022 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 117–263 only applicable to cadets or midshipmen who first enroll in the United States Military Academy, the United States Naval Academy, or the United States Air Force Academy on or after June 1, 2021, see section 553(d) of Pub. L. 117–263, as added by section 202(a) of Pub. L. 117–328, set out as a note under section 7448 of this title.

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Effective Date of 2017 Amendment

Revised cadet and midshipman service agreements under this section and sections 7448 and 8459 of this title applicable to cadets and midshipmen who are attending the United States Military Academy, the United States Naval Academy, or the United States Air Force Academy on Dec. 12, 2017, and to persons who begin attendance at such military service academies on or after that date, see section 543(d) of Pub. L. 115–91, set out as a note under section 7448 of this title.

Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–106 applicable to persons first admitted to United States Military Academy, United States Naval Academy, and United States Air Force Academy after Dec. 31, 1991, see section 531(e) of Pub. L. 104–106, set out as a note under section 7448 of this title.

Effective Date of 1989 Amendment

Amendment by section 511(d) of Pub. L. 101–189 applicable to persons who are first admitted to one of the military service academies after Dec. 31, 1991, see section 511(e) of Pub. L. 101–189, as amended, set out as a note under section 2114 of this title.

Effective Date of 1985 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–145 (other than with respect to the authority of the Secretary of the Air Force to prescribe regulations) effective on the date on which regulations prescribed by the Secretary take effect and applicable to agreements entered into under this section on or after the effective date of such regulations and also with respect to each such agreement that was entered into before the effective date of such regulations by an individual who is a cadet on such date, see section 512(e) of Pub. L. 99–145, set out as a note under section 7448 of this title.

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by section 541(c) of Pub. L. 98–525 applicable with respect to agreements entered into under this section before, on, or after Oct. 19, 1984, see section 541(d) of Pub. L. 98–525, set out as a note under section 7448 of this title.

Effective Date of 1964 Amendment; Obligated Period of Service

For effective date of amendment by Pub. L. 88–276, see section 5(c) of Pub. L. 88–276, set out as a note under section 7448 of this title.

Regulations Implementing 1985 Amendment

Secretary of the Air Force to prescribe regulations required by subsec. (c) of this section as added by Pub. L. 99–145 not later than the end of the 90-day period beginning on Nov. 8, 1985, see section 512(d) of Pub. L. 99–145, set out as a note under section 7448 of this title.

Savings Provision

For savings provision relating to payment or repayment of any bonus, incentive pay, special pay, or similar pay obligated to be paid before Apr. 1, 2006, under a provision of this section amended by section 687(c) of Pub. L. 109–163, see section 687(f) of Pub. L. 109–163, set out as a note under section 510 of this title.

Department of Defense Policy on Service Academy and ROTC Graduates Seeking To Participate in Professional Sports Before Completion of Their Active-Duty Service Obligations

Secretary of Defense to prescribe, not later than July 1, 2007, Department of Defense policy on whether to authorize service academy and ROTC graduates to participate in professional sports before the completion of their obligations for service on active duty, see section 533 of Pub. L. 109–364, set out as a note under section 7448 of this title.

§9449. Cadets: organization; service; instruction

(a) A cadet shall perform duties at such places and of such type as the President may direct.

(b) The course of instruction at the Academy is four years.

(c) The Secretary of the Air Force shall so arrange the course of studies at the Academy that cadets are not required to pursue their studies on Sunday.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 566, §9349; renumbered §9449, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832; amended Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title IX, §923(d)(12), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3815.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9349(a)	10:1102.	R.S. 1322.
9349(b)	10:1043.	R.S. 1323.
9349(c) 9349(d)	10:1044. 10:1105.	Mar. 30, 1920, ch. 112 (1st par., less provisos, under "Miscellaneous"), 41 Stat. 548. R.S. 1324.

In subsection (a), the word "commissioned" is inserted for clarity. 10:1105 (2d sentence) is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (b), the word "perform" is substituted for the words "be subject at all times to do". The words "of such type" are substituted for the words "on such service".

In subsection (e), the words "members of the Air Force" are substituted for the words "private soldier, noncommissioned officer, and officer". The words "taught and" are omitted as surplusage. 10:1105 (less 1st 18 words of last sentence) is omitted as inapplicable to the Air Force.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2021—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 116–283 struck out subsec. (d) which read as follows: "Cadets shall be trained in the duties of members of the Air Force."

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9349 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9450. Cadets: clothing and equipment

(a) The Secretary of the Air Force may prescribe the amount to be credited to a cadet, upon original admission to the Academy, for the cost of his initial issue of clothing and equipment. That amount shall be deducted from his pay. If a cadet is discharged before graduation while owing the United States for pay advanced for the purchase of required clothing and equipment, he shall turn in so much of his clothing and equipment of a distinctive military nature as is necessary to repay the amount advanced. If the value of the clothing and equipment turned in does not cover the amount owed, the indebtedness shall be canceled.

(b) Under such regulations as the Secretary may prescribe, uniforms and equipment shall be furnished to a cadet at the Academy upon his request.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 566, §9350; renumbered §9450, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9350(a) 9350(b)	10:1149a. 10:1106.	Aug. 31, 1918, ch. 166, §9 (17th through 22d words), 40 Stat. 957.
		Aug. 22, 1951, ch. 340, §1, 65 Stat. 196.

In subsection (a), the words "while owing the United States for pay advanced for the purpose of" are substituted for the words "who is indebted to the United States on account of advances in pay to purchase". The words "as is necessary to repay the amount advanced" are substituted for the words "to the extent required to discharge such indebtedness".

In subsection (b), the word "accouterments" is omitted as surplusage. The words "by the Government" and "such restrictions and" are omitted as surplusage. The words "at cost" are omitted to reflect Title IV of the National Security Act of 1947, as amended (63 Stat. 585), which authorized the Secretary of Defense to prescribe regulations governing the use and sale of certain inventories at cost, including applicable administrative expenses. (See opinion of the Assistant General Counsel (Fiscal Matters) of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, January 4, 1955.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9350 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9451. Cadets: deficiencies in conduct or studies; effect of failure on successor

(a) A cadet who is reported as deficient in conduct or studies and recommended to be discharged from the Academy may not, unless recommended by the Academy Board, be returned or reappointed to the Academy.

(b) Any cadet who fails to pass a required examination because he is deficient in any one subject of instruction is entitled to a reexamination of equal scope and difficulty in that subject, if he applies in writing to the Superintendent within 10 days after he is officially notified of his failure. The reexamination shall be held within 60 days after the date of his application. If the cadet passes the reexamination and is otherwise qualified, he shall be readmitted to the Academy. If he fails, he may not have another examination.

(c) The failure of a member of a graduating class to complete the course with his class does not delay the admission of his successor.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 566, §9351; renumbered §9451, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9351(a) 9351(b) 9351(c)	10:1104. 10:1103. 10:1092b (1st proviso).	Aug. 11, 1916, ch. 314 (3d, 4th, and 5th provisos under "Permanent Establishment"), 39 Stat. 493.
		R.S. 1325.
		June 30, 1950, ch. 421, §2 (1st proviso), 64 Stat. 304.

In subsection (a), 10:1104 (last 20 words) is omitted as superseded by section 8287(d) of this title.

In subsection (b), the words "is entitled to" are substituted for the words "shall have the right to apply". The words "of equal scope and difficulty in that subject" are substituted for the words "by compliance with the requirements existing at the time of the first examination".

In subsection (c), the words "by reason of sickness, or deficiency in his studies, or other cause" are omitted as surplusage.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9351 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9452. Cadets: hazing

(a) Subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Air Force, the Superintendent of the Academy shall issue regulations—

(1) defining hazing;

(2) designed to prevent that practice; and

(3) prescribing dismissal, suspension, or other adequate punishment for violations.

(b) If a cadet who is charged with violating a regulation issued under subsection (a), the penalty for which is or may be dismissal from the Academy, requests in writing a trial by a general court-martial, he may not be dismissed for that offense except under sentence of such a court.

(c) A cadet dismissed from the Academy for hazing may not be reappointed as a cadet, and is ineligible for appointment as a commissioned officer in a regular component of the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps, or in the Space Force, until two years after the graduation of his class.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 566, §9352; renumbered §9452, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title IX, §923(d)(13), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3815; Pub. L. 118–31, div. A, title XVII, §1721(c)(4), Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 667.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9352(a) 9352(b) 9352(c)	10:1163 (1st par.). 10:1163 (1st 32 words of last par.). 10:1163 (last par., less 1st 32 words).	Mar. 2, 1901, ch. 804 (2d proviso under "Permanent Establishment"); restated Apr. 19, 1910, ch. 174 (38th par. under "Buildings and Grounds"), 36 Stat. 323.

In subsection (a), the word "violations" is substituted for the words "infractions of the same". The words "to embody a clear" are omitted as surplusage.

In subsection (b), the words "the penalty for which is or may be" are substituted for the words "which would involve". The words "may not be dismissed for that offense except under sentence of such a court" are substituted for the words "shall be granted".

In subsection (c), the words "a regular component" are inserted, since the source statute historically applied only to the regular components.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2023—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 118–31 substituted "or Marine Corps, or in the Space Force," for "Marine Corps, or Space Force,".

2021—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 116–283 substituted "as a cadet" for "as an Air Force cadet" and "Marine Corps, or Space Force" for "or Marine Corps".

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9352 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9453. Cadets: degree and commission on graduation

(a) The Superintendent of the Academy may, under such conditions as the Secretary of the Air Force may prescribe, confer the degree of bachelor of science upon graduates of the Academy.

(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a cadet who completes the prescribed course of instruction may, upon graduation, be appointed a second lieutenant in the Regular Air Force under section 531 of this title or a second lieutenant in the Space Force under section 531 or 20201 of this title.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 567, §9353; Pub. L. 85–861, §§1(201), 33(a)(43), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1541, 1567; Pub. L. 96–513, title V, §504(25), Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2917; Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title V, §542(d), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1743; renumbered §9453, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title IX, §923(d)(14), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3815; Pub. L. 118–31, div. A, title XVII, §1721(c)(5), Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 667.)

Historical and Revision Notes
1956 Act
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9353(a) 9353(b)	10:486a (less last sentence). 10:506c(f) (1st sentence, less last 43 words).	May 25, 1933, ch. 37 (less last sentence); restated Aug. 9, 1946, ch. 932 (less last sentence); restated Aug. 4, 1949, ch. 393, §13; restated Aug. 18, 1949, ch. 476 (less last sentence), 63 Stat. 615.
		Aug. 7, 1947, ch. 512, §506(f) (1st sentence, less last 43 words), 61 Stat. 892.

In subsection (a), the last 27 words are substituted for 10:486a (last sentence). The words "rules and" and "from and after the date of the accrediting of said Academy" are omitted as surplusage. The word "conditions" is substituted for the word "regulations".

In subsection (b), the words "except section 541 of this title" are inserted to reflect the authority to appoint graduates of one service academy as officers of another service.

1958 Act
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9353(b)	10 App.:1850c(e) (1st sentence).	July 20, 1956, ch. 646, §203(e) (1st sentence), 70 Stat. 585.

It is unnecessary to include a reference to section 541 of title 10, since that section does not derogate from the authority granted in this section.

The change reflects the opinion of the Judge Advocate General of the Air Force (July 19, 1957) that the words "from and after the date of the accrediting of said academies" in the source law for section 9353(a) (Act of May 25, 1933, ch. 37 (48 Stat. 73), as amended) were a condition precedent to the authority to grant degrees and should not have been omitted.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2023—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 118–31 struck out "or in the equivalent grade in the Regular Space Force" after "Regular Air Force" and inserted before period at end "or a second lieutenant in the Space Force under section 531 or 20201 of this title".

2021—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 116–283 inserted "or in the equivalent grade in the Regular Space Force" after "Regular Air Force".

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9353 of this title as this section.

1997—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–85 substituted "The" for "After the date of the accrediting of the Academy, the".

1980—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–513 inserted "under section 531 of this title" after "Regular Air Force".

1958—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 85–861, §33(a)(43), permitted conferring of degrees only after date of accrediting of Academy.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 85–861, §1(201), struck out "except section 541 of this title" after "provision of law".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Effective Date of 1980 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–513 effective Sept. 15, 1981, see section 701 of Pub. L. 96–513, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1958 Amendment

Amendment by section 33(a)(43) of Pub. L. 85–861 effective Aug. 10, 1956, see section 33(g) of Pub. L. 85–861, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

§9454. Buildings and grounds: buildings for religious worship

The Secretary of the Air Force may authorize any denomination, sect, or religious body to erect a building for religious worship at the Air Force Academy, if its erection will not interfere with the use of the reservation for military purposes and will be without expense to the United States. Such a building shall be removed, or its location changed, without compensation for it and without expense to the United States, by the denomination, sect, or religious body that erected it, whenever in the opinion of the Secretary public or military necessity so requires.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 567, §9354; renumbered §9454, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9354	10:1126.	July 8, 1898, ch. 636, 30 Stat. 722.

The words "in his discretion" and "Government of" are omitted as surplusage. The words "United States" are substituted for the word "Government".

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9354 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9455. Board of Visitors

(a) A Board of Visitors to the Academy is constituted annually. The Board consists of the following members:

(1) Six persons designated by the President.

(2) The chairman of the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives, or his designee.

(3) Four persons designated by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, three of whom shall be members of the House of Representatives and the fourth of whom may not be a member of the House of Representatives.

(4) The chairman of the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate, or his designee.

(5) Three other members of the Senate designated by the Vice President or the President pro tempore of the Senate, two of whom are members of the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate.

(b)(1) The persons designated by the President serve for three years each except that any member whose term of office has expired shall continue to serve until his successor is designated by the President. The President shall designate persons each year to succeed the members designated by the President whose terms expire that year.

(2) At least two of the members designated by the President shall be graduates of the Academy.

(c)(1) If a member of the Board dies or resigns or is terminated as a member of the Board under paragraph (2), a successor shall be designated for the unexpired portion of the term by the official who designated the member.

(2)(A) If a member of the Board fails to attend two successive Board meetings, except in a case in which an absence is approved in advance, for good cause, by the Board chairman, such failure shall be grounds for termination from membership on the Board. A person designated for membership on the Board shall be provided notice of the provisions of this paragraph at the time of such designation.

(B) Termination of membership on the Board under subparagraph (A)—

(i) in the case of a member of the Board who is not a member of Congress, may be made by the Board chairman; and

(ii) in the case of a member of the Board who is a member of Congress, may be made only by the official who designated the member.

(C) When a member of the Board is subject to termination from membership on the Board under subparagraph (A), the Board chairman shall notify the official who designated the member. Upon receipt of such a notification with respect to a member of the Board who is a member of Congress, the official who designated the member shall take such action as that official considers appropriate.

(d) The Board shall visit the Academy annually. With the approval of the Secretary of the Air Force, the Board or its members may make other visits to the Academy in connection with the duties of the Board or to consult with the Superintendent of the Academy. Board members shall have access to the Academy grounds and the cadets, faculty, staff, and other personnel of the Academy for the purposes of the duties of the Board.

(e)(1) The Board shall inquire into the morale, discipline, and social climate, the curriculum, instruction, physical equipment, fiscal affairs, academic methods, and other matters relating to the Academy that the Board decides to consider.

(2) The Secretary of the Air Force and the Superintendent of the Academy shall provide the Board candid and complete disclosure, consistent with applicable laws concerning disclosure of information, with respect to institutional problems.

(3) The Board shall recommend appropriate action.

(f) The Board shall prepare a semiannual report containing its views and recommendations pertaining to the Academy, based on its meeting since the last such report and any other considerations it determines relevant. Each such report shall be submitted concurrently to the Secretary of Defense, through the Secretary of the Air Force, and to the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives.

(g) Upon approval by the Secretary, the Board may call in advisers for consultation.

(h) While performing duties as a member of the Board, each member of the Board and each adviser shall be reimbursed under Government travel regulations for travel expenses.

(i)(1) A majority of the members of the Board may call an official meeting of the Board once per year.

(2) A member may attend such meeting—

(A) in person, at the Academy; or

(B) remotely, at the election of such member.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 567, §9355; Pub. L. 96–579, §13(c), Dec. 23, 1980, 94 Stat. 3369; Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title X, §1061(e)(2), title XV, §1502(a)(12), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 443, 503; Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title X, §1067(1), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 774; Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title V, §543, Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1904; Pub. L. 109–364, div. A, title X, §1071(a)(39), Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2400; renumbered §9455 and amended Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title V, §593, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1789, 1832; Pub. L. 117–81, div. A, title V, §§554(c), 555(c), Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 1738, 1739.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9355(a) 9355(b)	10:1055. 10:1056 (1st sentence). 10:1056 (less 1st sentence).	June 29, 1948, ch. 714, §§1–6, 62 Stat. 1094; June 30, 1954, ch. 432, §732, 68 Stat. 356.
9355(c)	10:1057.
9355(d)	10:1058.
9355(e)	10:1059(a).
9355(f)	10:1059(b).
9355(g)	10:1059(c).
9355(h)	10:1060.

In subsections (a) and (b), the word "designated" is substituted for the word "appointed" to make it clear that the positions described are not constitutional offices.

Subsection (b) is substituted for 10:1056(e) (less 1st sentence).

In subsection (c), the words "during the term for which such member was appointed" and "Such successor shall be appointed * * * who died or resigned" are omitted as surplusage.

In subsection (g), the words "as it may deem necessary or advisable to effectuate the duties imposed upon it by the provisions of sections 1055–1060 of this title" are omitted as surplusage.

In subsection (h), the words "called for consultation by the Board in connection with the business of the Board" are omitted as surplusage.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2021—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 117–81, §554(c), substituted "is designated by the President" for "is designated".

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 117–81, §555(c), added subsec. (i).

2018—Pub. L. 115–232, §806(a)(3), renumbered section 9355 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–232, §593, added subsec. (d) and struck out former subsec. (d) which read as follows: "The Board should meet at least four times a year, with at least two of those meetings at the Academy. The Board or its members may make other visits to the Academy in connection with the duties of the Board. Board meetings should last at least one full day. Board members shall have access to the Academy grounds and the cadets, faculty, staff, and other personnel of the Academy for the purposes of the duties of the Board."

2006—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 109–364 substituted "Board under paragraph (2)" for "board under paragraph (2)".

2004—Pub. L. 108–375 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section contained provisions relating to membership of Board of Visitors in subsec. (a), term of office in subsec. (b), designation of successor in subsec. (c), frequency of Academy visits in subsec. (d), scope of Board inquiries in subsec. (e), submission of reports in subsec. (f), calling in of advisers in subsec. (g), and reimbursement for travel in subsec. (h).

1999—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 106–65 substituted "Committee on Armed Services" for "Committee on National Security".

1996—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 104–106, §1502(a)(12), substituted "National Security" for "Armed Services".

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 104–106, §1061(e)(2), struck out "is entitled to not more than $5 a day and" after "each adviser".

1980—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–579 required member whose term of office had expired to continue service until appointment of a successor.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by section 806(a)(3) of Pub. L. 115–232 effective Feb. 1, 2019, with provision for the coordination of amendments and special rule for certain redesignations, see section 800 of Pub. L. 115–232, set out as a note preceding section 3001 of this title.

§9456. Acceptance of guarantees with gifts for major projects

(a) Acceptance Authority.—Subject to subsection (c), the Secretary of the Air Force may accept from a donor or donors a qualified guarantee for the completion of a major project for the benefit of the Academy.

(b) Obligation Authority.—The amount of a qualified guarantee accepted under this section shall be considered as contract authority to provide obligation authority for purposes of Federal fiscal and contractual requirements. Funds available for a project for which such a guarantee has been accepted may be obligated and expended for the project without regard to whether the total amount of the funds and other resources available for the project (not taking into account the amount of the guarantee) is sufficient to pay for completion of the project.

(c) Notice of Proposed Acceptance.—The Secretary of the Air Force may not accept a qualified guarantee under this section for the completion of a major project until after the expiration of 30 days following the date upon which a report of the facts concerning the proposed guarantee is submitted to Congress or, if earlier, the expiration of 14 days following the date on which a copy of the report is provided in an electronic medium pursuant to section 480 of this title.

(d) Prohibition on Commingling of Funds.—The Secretary of the Air Force may not enter into any contract or other transaction involving the use of a qualified guarantee and appropriated funds in the same contract or transaction.

(e) Definitions.—In this section:

(1) Major project.—The term "major project" means a project for the purchase or other procurement of real or personal property, or for the construction, renovation, or repair of real or personal property, the total cost of which is, or is estimated to be, at least $1,000,000.

(2) Qualified guarantee.—The term "qualified guarantee", with respect to a major project, means a guarantee that—

(A) is made by one or more persons in connection with a donation, specifically for the project, of a total amount in cash or securities that, as determined by the Secretary of the Air Force, is sufficient to defray a substantial portion of the total cost of the project;

(B) is made to facilitate or expedite the completion of the project in reasonable anticipation that other donors will contribute sufficient funds or other resources in amounts sufficient to pay for completion of the project;

(C) is set forth as a written agreement that provides for the donor to furnish in cash or securities, in addition to the donor's other gift or gifts for the project, any additional amount that may become necessary for paying the cost of completing the project by reason of a failure to obtain from other donors or sources funds or other resources in amounts sufficient to pay the cost of completing the project; and

(D) is accompanied by—

(i) an irrevocable and unconditional standby letter of credit for the benefit of the Academy that is in the amount of the guarantee and is issued by a major United States commercial bank; or

(ii) a qualified account control agreement.

(3) Qualified account control agreement.—The term "qualified account control agreement", with respect to a guarantee of a donor, means an agreement among the donor, the Secretary of the Air Force, and a major United States investment management firm that—

(A) ensures the availability of sufficient funds or other financial resources to pay the amount guaranteed during the period of the guarantee;

(B) provides for the perfection of a security interest in the assets of the account for the United States for the benefit of the Academy with the highest priority available for liens and security interests under applicable law;

(C) requires the donor to maintain in an account with the investment management firm assets having a total value that is not less than 130 percent of the amount guaranteed; and

(D) requires the investment management firm, at any time that the value of the account is less than the value required to be maintained under subparagraph (C), to liquidate any noncash assets in the account and reinvest the proceeds in Treasury bills issued under section 3104 of title 31.

(4) Major united states commercial bank.—The term "major United States commercial bank" means a commercial bank that—

(A) is an insured bank (as defined in section 3 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1813));

(B) is headquartered in the United States; and

(5) Major united states investment management firm.—The term "major United States investment management firm" means any broker, dealer, investment adviser, or provider of investment supervisory services (as defined in section 3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c) or section 202 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80b–2)) or a major United States commercial bank that—

(A) is headquartered in the United States; and

(B) holds for the account of others investment assets in a total amount considered by the Secretary of the Air Force to qualify the firm as a major investment management firm.

(Added Pub. L. 106–65, div. B, title XXVIII, §2871(c)(1), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 875, §9356; amended Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X, §1087(a)(17)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-291; Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title X, §1031(a)(59), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1603; renumbered §9456, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9356 of this title as this section.

2003—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–136 inserted before period at end "or, if earlier, the expiration of 14 days following the date on which a copy of the report is provided in an electronic medium pursuant to section 480 of this title".

2000—Subsec. (e)(5). Pub. L. 106–398 inserted a closing parenthesis after "80b–2)" in introductory provisions.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9457. Grants for faculty research for scientific, literary, and educational purposes: acceptance; authorized grantees

(a) Acceptance of Research Grants.—The Secretary of the Air Force may authorize the Superintendent of the Academy to accept qualifying research grants under this section. Any such grant may only be accepted if the work under the grant is to be carried out by a professor or instructor of the Academy for a scientific, literary, or educational purpose.

(b) Qualifying Grants.—A qualifying research grant under this section is a grant that is awarded on a competitive basis by an entity referred to in subsection (c) for a research project with a scientific, literary, or educational purpose.

(c) Entities From Which Grants May be Accepted.—A grant may be accepted under this section only from a corporation, fund, foundation, educational institution, or similar entity that is organized and operated primarily for scientific, literary, or educational purposes.

(d) Administration of Grant Funds.—The Secretary shall establish an account for administering funds received as research grants under this section. The Superintendent shall use the funds in the account in accordance with applicable regulations and the terms and conditions of the grants received.

(e) Related Expenses.—Subject to such limitations as may be provided in appropriations Acts, appropriations available for the Academy may be used to pay expenses incurred by the Academy in applying for, and otherwise pursuing, award of a qualifying research grant.

(f) Regulations.—The Secretary of the Air Force shall prescribe regulations for the administration of this section.

(Added Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title X, §1063(c)(1), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2131, §9357; renumbered §9457, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9357 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9459. Mixed-funded athletic and recreational extracurricular programs: authority to manage appropriated funds in same manner as nonappropriated funds

(a) Authority.—In the case of an Academy mixed-funded athletic or recreational extracurricular program, the Secretary of the Air Force may designate funds appropriated to the Department of the Air Force and available for that program to be treated as nonappropriated funds and expended for that program in accordance with laws applicable to the expenditure of nonappropriated funds. Appropriated funds so designated shall be considered to be nonappropriated funds for all purposes and shall remain available until expended.

(b) Covered Programs.—In this section, the term "Academy mixed-funded athletic or recreational extracurricular program" means an athletic or recreational extracurricular program of the Academy to which each of the following applies:

(1) The program is not considered a morale, welfare, or recreation program.

(2) The program is supported through appropriated funds.

(3) The program is supported by a nonappropriated fund instrumentality.

(4) The program is not a private organization and is not operated by a private organization.

(Added Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title V, §544(c)(1), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1907, §9359; renumbered §9459, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9359 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Effective Date

Section applicable only with respect to funds appropriated for fiscal years after fiscal year 2004, see section 544(d) of Pub. L. 108–375, set out as a note under section 7459 of this title.

§9460. Cadets: charges and fees for attendance; limitation

(a) Prohibition.—Except as provided in subsection (b), no charge or fee for tuition, room, or board for attendance at the Academy may be imposed unless the charge or fee is specifically authorized by a law enacted after October 5, 1994.

(b) Exception.—The prohibition specified in subsection (a) does not apply with respect to any item or service provided to cadets for which a charge or fee is imposed as of October 5, 1994. The Secretary of Defense shall notify Congress of any change made by the Academy in the amount of a charge or fee authorized under this subsection.

(Added Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title V, §545(c)(1), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1908, §9360; renumbered §9460, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9360 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9461. Policy on sexual harassment and sexual violence

(a) Required Policy.—Under guidance prescribed by the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of the Air Force shall direct the Superintendent of the Academy to prescribe a policy on sexual harassment and sexual violence applicable to the cadets and other personnel of the Academy.

(b) Matters to Be Specified in Policy.—The policy on sexual harassment and sexual violence prescribed under this section shall include specification of the following:

(1) Programs to promote awareness of the incidence of rape, acquaintance rape, and other sexual offenses of a criminal nature that involve cadets or other Academy personnel.

(2) Procedures that a cadet should follow in the case of an occurrence of sexual harassment or sexual violence, including—

(A) if the cadet chooses to report an occurrence of sexual harassment or sexual violence, a specification of the person or persons to whom the alleged offense should be reported and the options for confidential reporting;

(B) a specification of any other person whom the victim should contact; and

(3) Procedures for disciplinary action in cases of alleged criminal sexual assault involving a cadet or other Academy personnel.

(4) Any other sanction authorized to be imposed in a substantiated case of sexual harassment or sexual violence involving a cadet or other Academy personnel in rape, acquaintance rape, or any other criminal sexual offense, whether forcible or nonforcible.

(5) Required training on the policy for all cadets and other Academy personnel, including the specific training required for personnel who process allegations of sexual harassment or sexual violence involving Academy personnel.

(c) Annual Assessment.—(1) The Secretary of Defense, through the Secretary of the Air Force, shall direct the Superintendent to conduct at the Academy during each Academy program year an assessment, to be administered by the Department of Defense, to determine the effectiveness of the policies, training, and procedures of the Academy with respect to sexual harassment and sexual violence involving Academy personnel.

(2) For the assessment at the Academy under paragraph (1) with respect to an Academy program year that begins in an odd-numbered calendar year, the Secretary of the Air Force shall conduct a survey, to be administered by the Department of Defense, of Academy personnel—

(A) to measure—

(i) the incidence, during that program year, of sexual harassment and sexual violence events, on or off the Academy reservation, that have been reported to officials of the Academy; and

(ii) the incidence, during that program year, of sexual harassment and sexual violence events, on or off the Academy reservation, that have not been reported to officials of the Academy; and

(B) to assess the perceptions of Academy personnel of—

(i) the policies, training, and procedures on sexual harassment and sexual violence involving Academy personnel;

(ii) the enforcement of such policies;

(iii) the incidence of sexual harassment and sexual violence involving Academy personnel; and

(iv) any other issues relating to sexual harassment and sexual violence involving Academy personnel.

(3)(A) The Secretary of Defense may postpone the conduct of an assessment under this subsection if the Secretary determines that conducting such assessment is not practicable due to a war or national emergency declared by the President or Congress.

(B) The Secretary of Defense shall ensure that an assessment postponed under subparagraph (A) is conducted as soon as practicable after the end of the period of war or national emergency concerned, or earlier if the Secretary determines appropriate.

(C) The Secretary of Defense shall notify Congress of a determination under subparagraph (A) not later than 30 days after the date on which the Secretary makes such determination.

(d) Annual Report.—(1) The Secretary of the Air Force shall direct the Superintendent of the Academy to submit to the Secretary a report on sexual harassment and sexual violence involving cadets or other personnel at the Academy for each Academy program year.

(2) Each report under paragraph (1) shall include, for the Academy program year covered by the report, the following:

(A) The number of sexual assaults, rapes, and other sexual offenses involving cadets or other Academy personnel that have been reported to Academy officials during the program year and, of those reported cases, the number that have been substantiated.

(B) The policies, procedures, and processes implemented by the Secretary of the Air Force and the leadership of the Academy in response to sexual harassment and sexual violence involving cadets or other Academy personnel during the program year.

(C) A plan for the actions that are to be taken in the following Academy program year regarding prevention of and response to sexual harassment and sexual violence involving cadets or other Academy personnel.

(3) Each report under paragraph (1) for an Academy program year that begins in an odd-numbered calendar year shall include the results of the survey conducted in that program year under subsection (c)(2).

(4)(A) The Secretary of the Air Force shall transmit to the Secretary of Defense, and to the Board of Visitors of the Academy, each report received by the Secretary under this subsection, together with the Secretary's comments on the report.

(B) The Secretary of Defense shall transmit each such report, together with the Secretary's comments on the report, to the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives.

(e) Consideration of Request for Transfer of a Cadet Who Is the Victim of a Sexual Assault or Related Offense.—(1) The Secretary of the Air Force shall provide for timely consideration of and action on a request submitted by a cadet appointed to the United States Air Force Academy who is the victim of an alleged sexual assault or other offense covered by section 920, 920c, or 930 of this title (article 120, 120c, or 130 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice) for transfer to another military service academy or to enroll in a Senior Reserve Officers' Training Corps program affiliated with another institution of higher education.

(2) The Secretary of the Air Force shall prescribe regulations to carry out this subsection, within guidelines provided by the Secretary of Defense that—

(A) provide that the Superintendent of the United States Air Force Academy shall ensure that any cadet who has been appointed to the United States Air Force Academy and who is a victim of an alleged sexual assault or other offense referred to in paragraph (1), is informed of the right to request a transfer pursuant to this section, and that any formal request submitted by a cadet is processed as expeditiously as practicable through the chain of command for review and action by the Superintendent;

(B) direct the Superintendent of the United States Air Force Academy, in coordination with the Superintendent of the military service academy to which the cadet requests to transfer—

(i) to take action on a request for transfer under this subsection not later than 72 hours after receiving the formal request from the cadet;

(ii) to approve such request for transfer unless there are exceptional circumstances that require denial of the request; and

(iii) upon approval of such request, to take all necessary and appropriate action to effectuate the transfer of the cadet to the military service academy concerned as expeditiously as possible; and

(C) direct the Superintendent of the United States Air Force Academy, in coordination with the Secretary of the military department that sponsors the Senior Reserve Officers' Training Corps program at the institution of higher education to which the cadet requests to transfer—

(i) to take action on a request for transfer under this subsection not later than 72 hours after receiving the formal request from the cadet;

(ii) subject to the cadet's acceptance for admission to the institution of higher education to which the cadet wishes to transfer, to approve such request for transfer unless there are exceptional circumstances that require denial of the application; and

(iii) to take all necessary and appropriate action to effectuate the cadet's enrollment in the institution of higher education to which the cadet wishes to transfer and to process the cadet for participation in the relevant Senior Reserve Officers' Training Corps program as expeditiously as possible.

(3) If the Superintendent of the United States Air Force Academy denies a request for transfer under this subsection, the cadet may request review of the denial by the Secretary of the Air Force, who shall take action on such request not later than 72 hours after receipt of the formal request for review.

(4) The Secretary concerned shall ensure that all records of any request, determination, transfer, or other action under this subsection remain confidential, consistent with applicable law and regulation.

(5) A cadet who transfers under this subsection may retain the cadet's appointment to the United States Air Force Academy or may be appointed to the military service academy to which the cadet transfers without regard to the limitations and requirements set forth in sections 7442, 8454, and 9442 of this title.

(Added Pub. L. 109–364, div. A, title V, §532(a)(3), Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2203, §9361; renumbered §9461, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832; amended Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title V, §555(c), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1390; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title V, §552(b)(3), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3632.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2021—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 116–283 added par. (3).

2019—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 116–92 added subsec. (e).

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9361 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Termination of Reporting Requirements

For termination, effective Dec. 31, 2021, of provisions in subsec. (d)(4)(B) of this section requiring submittal of annual report to Congress, see section 1061 of Pub. L. 114–328, set out as a note under section 111 of this title.

Policy for Military Service Academies on Separation of Alleged Victims and Alleged Perpetrators in Incidents of Sexual Assault

Secretary of Defense to consult with Secretaries of the military departments and Superintendent of each military service academy and prescribe in regulations a policy that allows a cadet or midshipman of a military service academy who is the alleged victim or alleged perpetrator of a sexual assault to complete their course of study at the academy with minimal disruption and does not preclude the academy from taking other administrative or disciplinary action, see section 539 of Pub. L. 116–283, set out as a note under section 7461 of this title.

Applicability of Sexual Assault Prevention and Response and Related Military Justice Enhancements to Military Service Academies

Secretary of the military department concerned to ensure that the provisions of title XVII of Pub. L. 113–66 and subtitle D of title V of div. A of Pub. L. 113–291 apply to the United States Military Academy, the Naval Academy, and the Air Force Academy, as applicable, see section 552(a) of Pub. L. 113—291, set out as a note under section 7461 of this title.

Prevention of Sexual Assault at Military Service Academies

Secretary of Defense to ensure that military service academy curricula include honor, respect, and character development pertaining to prevention of sexual assault in the Armed Forces; training provided within 14 days after a new cadet or midshipman arrives at the academy and repeated annually, see section 1746 of Pub. L. 113–66, set out as a note under section 7461 of this title.

Further Information From Cadets and Midshipmen at the Service Academies on Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Issues

Secretary of a military department to provide for focus groups to ascertain information relating to sexual assault and sexual harassment issues in any year in which the Secretary is not required by law to conduct a survey on such matters at the service academy under the Secretary's jurisdiction and to include such information in the Secretary's annual report to Congress, see section 532(b) of Pub. L. 109–364, set out as a note under section 7461 of this title.

§9462. Support of athletic programs

(a) Corporation for Support Authorized.—(1) The Secretary of the Air Force may, in accordance with the laws of the State of incorporation, establish a corporation (in this section referred to as the "corporation") to support the athletic programs of the Academy. All stock of the corporation shall be owned by the United States and held in the name of and voted by the Secretary of the Air Force.

(2) The corporation shall operate exclusively for charitable, educational, and civic purposes to support the athletic programs of the Academy.

(b) Corporate Organization.—The corporation shall be organized and operated—

(1) as a nonprofit corporation under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986;

(2) in accordance with this section; and

(3) pursuant to the laws of the State of incorporation, its articles of incorporation, and its bylaws.

(c) Corporate Board of Directors.—(1) The members of the board of directors of the corporation shall serve without compensation as members of the board, except for reasonable travel and other related expenses for attendance at meetings of the board.

(2) The Secretary of the Air Force may authorize military and civilian personnel of the Department of the Air Force under section 1033 of this title to serve, in their official capacities, as members of the board of directors of the corporation, but such personnel shall not hold more than one-third of the directorships.

(d) Transfers From Nonappropriated Fund Operation.—The Secretary of the Air Force may, subject to the acceptance of the corporation, transfer to the corporation all title to and ownership of the assets and liabilities of the Air Force nonappropriated fund instrumentality whose functions include providing support for the athletic programs of the Academy, including bank accounts and financial reserves in its accounts, equipment, supplies, and other personal property, but excluding any interest in real property.

(e) Acceptance of Support.—

(1) Support received from the corporation.—Notwithstanding section 1342 of title 31, the Secretary of the Air Force may accept from the corporation funds, supplies, equipment, and services for the support of the athletic programs of the Academy.

(2) Funds received from other sources.—The Secretary may charge fees for the support of the athletic programs of the Academy. The Secretary may accept and retain fees for services and other benefits provided incident to the operation of its athletic programs, including fees from the National Collegiate Athletic Association, fees from athletic conferences, game guarantees from other educational institutions, fees for ticketing or licensing, and other consideration provided incidental to the execution of the athletic programs of the Academy.

(3) Limitations.—The Secretary shall ensure that contributions accepted under this subsection do not—

(A) reflect unfavorably on the ability of the Department of the Air Force, any of its employees, or any member of the armed forces to carry out any responsibility or duty in a fair and objective manner; or

(B) compromise the integrity or appearance of integrity of any program of the Department of the Air Force, or any individual involved in such a program.

(f) Leases and Licenses.—

(1) In general.—The Secretary of the Air Force may, in accordance with section 2667 of this title, enter into leases or licenses with the corporation for the purpose of supporting the athletic programs of the Academy. Consideration provided under such a lease or license may be provided in the form of funds, supplies, equipment, and services for the support of the athletic programs of the Academy.

(2) Support services.—The Secretary may provide support services to the corporation without charge while the corporation conducts its support activities at the Academy. In this paragraph, the term "support services" includes utilities, office furnishings and equipment, communications services, records staging and archiving, audio and video support, and security systems in conjunction with the leasing or licensing of property. Any such support services may only be provided without any liability of the United States to the corporation.

(g) Contracts and Cooperative Agreements.—The Secretary of the Air Force may enter into contracts and cooperative agreements with the corporation for the purpose of supporting the athletic programs of the Academy. Notwithstanding section 3201(e) of this title, the Secretary may enter such contracts or cooperative agreements on a sole source basis pursuant to section 3204(a)(5) of this title. Notwithstanding chapter 63 of title 31, a cooperative agreement under this section may be used to acquire property, services, or travel for the direct benefit or use of the athletic programs of the Academy.

(h) Trademarks and Service Marks.—

(1) Licensing, marketing, and sponsorship agreements.—An agreement under subsection (g) may, consistent with section 2260 of this title (other than subsection (d) of such section), authorize the corporation to enter into licensing, marketing, and sponsorship agreements relating to trademarks and service marks identifying the Academy, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Air Force.

(2) Limitations.—No licensing, marketing, or sponsorship agreement may be entered into under paragraph (1) if—

(A) such agreement would reflect unfavorably on the ability of the Department of the Air Force, any of its employees, or any member of the armed forces to carry out any responsibility or duty in a fair and objective manner; or

(B) the Secretary determines that the use of the trademark or service mark would compromise the integrity or appearance of integrity of any program of the Department of the Air Force, or any individual involved in such a program.

(i) Retention and Use of Funds.—Any funds received under this section may be retained for use in support of the athletic programs of the Academy and shall remain available until expended.

(Added Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, §528(a), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2289, §9362; amended Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title V, §554, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3377; renumbered §9462, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title IX, §923(d)(15), title XVIII, §1883(b)(2), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3815, 4294.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is classified to section 501(c)(3) of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

Amendments

2021—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(15), substituted "personnel of the Department of the Air Force" for "personnel of the Air Force".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 116–283, §1883(b)(2), substituted "section 3201(e)" for "section 2304(k)" and "section 3204(a)(5)" for "section 2304(c)(5)".

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9362 of this title as this section.

2014—Subsecs. (e) to (i). Pub. L. 113–291 added subsecs. (e) to (i) and struck out former subsecs. (e) to (g) which related to acceptance of gifts, leases of real and personal property, and cooperative agreements, respectively.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2021 Amendment

Amendment by section 1883(b)(2) of Pub. L. 116–283 effective Jan. 1, 2022, with additional provisions for delayed implementation and applicability of existing law, see section 1801(d) of Pub. L. 116–283, set out as a note preceding section 3001 of this title.

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

CHAPTER 957—SCHOOLS AND CAMPS

Sec.

9481.

Establishment: purpose.

9482.

Operation.

9483.

Transportation and subsistence during travel.

9484.

Quartermaster and ordnance property: sales.

9487.

Air War College: acceptance of grants for faculty research for scientific, literary, and educational purposes.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(d)(2), (e)(1), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1833, redesignated chapter 907 of this title as this chapter and items 9411 to 9414 and 9417 as 9481 to 9484 and 9487, respectively.

2016—Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XII, §1241(o)(9), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2512, struck out item 9415 "Inter-American Air Forces Academy".

2006—Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title V, §522(f)(2), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3244, added item 9417.

1990—Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title III, §330(b), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1535, added item 9415.

§9481. Establishment: purpose

The Secretary of the Air Force may maintain schools and camps for the military instruction and training of persons selected, upon their application, from warrant officers and enlisted members of the Air Force, the Space Force, and civilians, to qualify them for—

(1) appointment as reserve officers, or enlistment as reserve noncommissioned officers, for service in the Air Force Reserve; or

(2) appointment as officers, or enlistment as noncommissioned officers, for service in the Space Force in a space force active status.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 571, §9411; renumbered §9481, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(2), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title IX, §923(d)(16), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3815; Pub. L. 118–31, div. A, title XVII, §1721(d)(1), Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 667.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9411	10:442 (words before 1st semicolon of 1st sentence).	June 3, 1916, ch. 134, §47d (words before 1st semicolon of 1st sentence); added June 4, 1920, ch. 227, subch. I, §34 (words before 1st semicolon of 1st sentence of last par.), 41 Stat. 779.

The words "upon military reservations or elsewhere" are omitted as surplusage. The words "of the Air Force" are inserted for clarity. The words "or enlistment as" are inserted for clarity.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2023—Pub. L. 118–31 inserted dash after "to qualify them for" and par. (1) designation before "appointment", substituted "; or" for "or the Space Force Reserve.", and added par. (2).

2021—Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(16)(B), inserted "or the Space Force Reserve" after "the Air Force Reserve".

Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(16)(A), which directed amendment of this section by inserting ", the Space Force," after "members of the Air Force,", was executed by making the insertion after "members of the Air Force" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9411 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9482. Operation

In maintaining camps established under section 9481 of this title, the Secretary of the Air Force may—

(1) prescribe the periods during which they will be operated;

(2) prescribe regulations for their administration;

(3) prescribe the courses to be taught;

(4) detail members of the Regular Air Force or members of the Space Force in an active status to designated duties relating to the camps;

(5) use necessary supplies and transportation;

(6) furnish uniforms, subsistence, and medical attendance and supplies to persons attending the camp; and

(7) authorize necessary expenditures from proper Air Force or Space Force funds for—

(A) water;

(B) fuel;

(D) temporary structures, except barracks and officers' quarters;

(E) screening;

(F) damages resulting from field exercises;

(G) expenses incident to theoretical winter instruction of trainees; and

(H) other expenses incident to maintaining the camps.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 571, §9412; renumbered §9482 and amended Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §§806(a)(2), 809(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832, 1840; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title IX, §923(d)(17), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3816; Pub. L. 118–31, div. A, title XVII, §1721(d)(2), Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 667.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9412	10:442 (47 words after 1st semicolon, and 72 words before 3d semicolon, of 1st sentence; and last sentence).	June 3, 1916, ch. 134, §47d (47 words after 1st semicolon, and 72 words before 3d semicolon, of 1st sentence; and last sentence); added June 4, 1920, ch. 227, subch. I, §34 (47 words after 1st semicolon, and 72 words before 3d semicolon, of 1st sentence; and last sentence of last par.), 41 Stat. 779.

The word "supplies" is substituted for the words "such arms, ammunition, accoutrements, equipments, tentage, field equipage", since, under the definition of the word "supplies", in section 101(26) of this title, those words are covered by the word "supplies". The words "belonging to the United States", "and imparting military instruction and training thereat", "during the period of their attendance", "theoretical and practical instruction", "persons attending the camps authorized by this section", and "as he may deem" are omitted as surplusage. The word "detail" is substituted for the word "employ". The word "members" is substituted for the words "officers, warrant officers, and enlisted men".

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2023—Par. (4). Pub. L. 118–31 substituted "or members of the Space Force in an active status" for "or the Regular Space Force".

2021—Par. (4). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(17)(A), inserted "or the Regular Space Force" after "Regular Air Force".

Par. (7). Pub. L. 116–283, §923(d)(17)(B), inserted "or Space Force" after "Air Force" in introductory provisions.

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9412 of this title as this section and substituted "section 9481" for "section 9411" in introductory provisions.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9483. Transportation and subsistence during travel

(a) There may be furnished to a person attending a school or camp established under section 9481 of this title, for travel to and from that school or camp—

(1) transportation and subsistence;

(2) transportation in kind and a subsistence allowance of one cent a mile; or

(3) a travel allowance of five cents a mile.

(b) The travel allowance for the return trip may be paid in advance.

(c) For the purposes of this section, distance is computed by the shortest usually traveled route, within such territorial limits as the Secretary of the Air Force may prescribe, from the authorized starting point to the school or camp and return.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 572, §9413; renumbered §9483 and amended Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §§806(a)(2), 809(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832, 1840.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9413(a), (b), (c)	10:442 (words between 1st and 3d semicolons, less 47 words after 1st semicolon, and less 72 words before 3d semicolon, of 1st sentence).	June 3, 1916, ch. 134, §47d (words between 1st and 3d semicolons, less 47 words after 1st semicolon, and less 72 words before 3d semicolon, of 1st sentence); added June 4, 1920, ch. 227, §34 (words between 1st and 3d semicolons, less 47 words after 1st semicolon, and less 72 words before 3d semicolon, of 1st sentence of last par.), 41 Stat. 779; Mar. 9, 1928, ch. 161, 45 Stat. 251.

In subsection (a), the introductory clause is inserted for clarity. The words "at the option of the Secretary of the Army" are omitted as surplusage.

In subsection (b), the words "of the actual performance of the same" are omitted as surplusage.

Subsection (c) is substituted for the words "the most usual and direct route within such limits as to territory as the Secretary of the Army may prescribe * * * for the distance by the shortest usually traveled route from the places from which they are authorized to proceed to the camp, and for the return travel thereto".

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232, §806(a)(2), renumbered section 9413 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–232, §809(a), substituted "section 9481" for "section 9411" in introductory provisions.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9484. Quartermaster and ordnance property: sales

The Secretary of the Air Force may sell to a person attending a school or camp established under section 9481 of this title quartermaster and ordnance property necessary for his proper equipment. Sales under this section shall be for cash.

(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 572, §9414; renumbered §9484 and amended Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §§806(a)(2), 809(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832, 1840.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
9414	10:442 (words after 3d semicolon of 1st sentence; and 2d sentence).	June 3, 1916, ch. 134, §47d (words after 3d semicolon of 1st sentence; and 2d sentence); added June 4, 1920, ch. 227, §34 (words after 3d semicolon of 1st sentence; and 2d sentence of last par.), 41 Stat. 779.

10:442 (2d sentence) is omitted as superseded by section 10 of the Act of June 26, 1934, ch. 756, 48 Stat. 1229 (31 U.S.C. 725i), which limits credits to the replacing account to the actual cost of the items sold. The words "quartermaster and ordnance property necessary for his proper equipment" are substituted for 10:442 (last 26 words of 1st sentence). The words "and at cost price, plus 10 per centum" are omitted to reflect Title IV of the National Security Act of 1947, as amended (63 Stat. 585), which authorized the Secretary of Defense to prescribe regulations governing the use and sale of certain inventories at cost, including applicable administrative expenses. (See opinion of the Assistant General Counsel (Fiscal Matters) of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, January 4, 1955.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9414 of this title as this section and substituted "section 9481" for "section 9411".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

§9487. Air War College: acceptance of grants for faculty research for scientific, literary, and educational purposes

(a) Acceptance of Research Grants.—The Secretary of the Air Force may authorize the Commandant of the Air War College to accept qualifying research grants. Any such grant may only be accepted if the work under the grant is to be carried out by a professor or instructor of the College for a scientific, literary, or educational purpose.

(c) Entities From Which Grants May Be Accepted.—A grant may be accepted under this section only from a corporation, fund, foundation, educational institution, or similar entity that is organized and operated primarily for scientific, literary, or educational purposes.

(d) Administration of Grant Funds.—The Secretary shall establish an account for administering funds received as research grants under this section. The Commandant shall use the funds in the account in accordance with applicable provisions of the regulations and the terms and condition of the grants received.

(e) Related Expenses.—Subject to such limitations as may be provided in appropriations Acts, appropriations available for the Air War College may be used to pay expenses incurred by the College in applying for, and otherwise pursuing, the award of qualifying research grants.

(f) Regulations.—The Secretary shall prescribe regulations for the administration of this section.

(Added Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title V, §522(f)(1), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3243, §9417; renumbered §9487, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(2), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9417 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

CHAPTER 959—CIVIL AIR PATROL

Sec.

9491.

Status as federally chartered corporation; purposes.

9492.

Status as volunteer civilian auxiliary of the Air Force.

9493.

Activities performed as federally chartered nonprofit corporation.

9494.

Activities performed as auxiliary of the Air Force.

9495.

Funds appropriated for the Civil Air Patrol.

9496.

Miscellaneous personnel authorities.

9497.

Board of Governors.

9498.

Regulations.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(d)(2), (e)(1), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1833, redesignated chapter 909 of this title as this chapter and items 9441 to 9448 as 9491 to 9498, respectively.

2000—Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X, §1090(a)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-294, amended chapter heading and analysis generally, substituting items 9441 to 9448 for former items 9441 "Status: support by Air Force; employment" and 9442 "Assistance by other agencies".

§9491. Status as federally chartered corporation; purposes

(a) Status.—(1) The Civil Air Patrol is a nonprofit corporation that is federally chartered under section 40301 of title 36.

(2) Except as provided in section 9492(b)(2) of this title, the Civil Air Patrol is not an instrumentality of the Federal Government for any purpose.

(b) Purposes.—The purposes of the Civil Air Patrol are set forth in section 40302 of title 36.

(Added Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X, §1090(a)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-295, §9441; renumbered §9491 and amended Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §§806(a)(1), 809(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832, 1840.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232, §806(a)(1), renumbered section 9441 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 115–232, §809(a), substituted "section 9492(b)(2)" for "section 9442(b)(2)".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Effective Date

Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X, §1090(c)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-300, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and sections 9492 to 9498 of this title and amending sections 40302 and 40303 of Title 36, Patriotic and National Observances, Ceremonies, and Organizations] shall take effect 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 30, 2000]."

§9492. Status as volunteer civilian auxiliary of the Air Force

(a) Volunteer Civilian Auxiliary.—The Civil Air Patrol is a volunteer civilian auxiliary of the Air Force when the services of the Civil Air Patrol are used by any department or agency in any branch of the Federal Government.

(b) Use by Air Force.—(1) The Secretary of the Air Force may use the services of the Civil Air Patrol to fulfill the noncombat programs and missions of the Department of the Air Force.

(2) The Civil Air Patrol shall be deemed to be an instrumentality of the United States with respect to any act or omission of the Civil Air Patrol, including any member of the Civil Air Patrol, in carrying out a mission assigned by the Secretary of the Air Force.

(Added Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X, §1090(a)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-295, §9442; renumbered §9492, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(1), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9442 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Effective Date

Section effective 120 days after Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1090(c)] of Pub. L. 106–398, set out as a note under section 9491 of this title.

§9493. Activities performed as federally chartered nonprofit corporation

(a) Use of Federally Provided Resources.—In its status as a federally chartered nonprofit corporation, the Civil Air Patrol may use equipment, supplies, and other resources, including aircraft, motor vehicles, computers, and communications equipment, provided to the Civil Air Patrol by a department or agency of the Federal Government or acquired by or for the Civil Air Patrol with appropriated funds (or with funds of the Civil Air Patrol, but reimbursed from appropriated funds)—

(1) to provide assistance requested by State or local governmental authorities to perform disaster relief missions and activities, other emergency missions and activities, and nonemergency missions and activities; and

(2) to fulfill its other purposes set forth in section 40302 of title 36.

(b) Use Subject to Applicable Laws.—The use of equipment, supplies, or other resources under subsection (a) is subject to the laws and regulations that govern the use by nonprofit corporations of federally provided assets or of assets purchased with appropriated funds, as the case may be.

(c) Authority Not Contingent on Reimbursement.—The authority for the Civil Air Patrol to provide assistance under subsection (a)(1) is not contingent on the Civil Air Patrol being reimbursed for the cost of providing the assistance. If the Civil Air Patrol elects to require reimbursement for the provision of assistance under such subsection, the Civil Air Patrol may establish the reimbursement rate at a rate less than the rates charged by private sector sources for equivalent services.

(d) Liability Insurance.—The Secretary of the Air Force may provide the Civil Air Patrol with funds for paying the cost of liability insurance to cover missions and activities carried out under this section.

(Added Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X, §1090(a)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-295, §9443; renumbered §9493, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(1), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9443 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Effective Date

Section effective 120 days after Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1090(c)] of Pub. L. 106–398, set out as a note under section 9491 of this title.

§9494. Activities performed as auxiliary of the Air Force

(a) Air Force Support for Activities.—The Secretary of the Air Force may furnish to the Civil Air Patrol in accordance with this section any equipment, supplies, and other resources that the Secretary determines necessary to enable the Civil Air Patrol to fulfill the missions assigned by the Secretary to the Civil Air Patrol as an auxiliary of the Air Force.

(b) Forms of Air Force Support.—The Secretary of the Air Force may, under subsection (a)—

(1) give, lend, or sell to the Civil Air Patrol without regard to subtitle I of title 40 and division C (except sections 3302, 3501(b), 3509, 3906, 4710, and 4711) of subtitle I of title 41—

(A) major items of equipment (including aircraft, motor vehicles, computers, and communications equipment) that are excess to the military departments; and

(B) necessary related supplies and training aids that are excess to the military departments;

(2) permit the use, with or without charge, of services and facilities of the Air Force;

(3) furnish supplies (including fuel, lubricants, and other items required for vehicle and aircraft operations) or provide funds for the acquisition of supplies;

(4) establish, maintain, and supply liaison officers of the Air Force at the national, regional, State, and territorial headquarters of the Civil Air Patrol;

(5) detail or assign any member of the Air Force or any officer, employee, or contractor of the Department of the Air Force to any liaison office at the national, regional, State, or territorial headquarters of the Civil Air Patrol;

(6) detail any member of the Air Force or any officer, employee, or contractor of the Department of the Air Force to any unit or installation of the Civil Air Patrol to assist in the training programs of the Civil Air Patrol;

(7) authorize the payment of travel expenses and allowances, at rates not to exceed those paid to employees of the United States under subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5, to members of the Civil Air Patrol while the members are carrying out programs or missions specifically assigned by the Air Force;

(8) provide funds for the national headquarters of the Civil Air Patrol, including—

(A) funds for the payment of staff compensation and benefits, administrative expenses, travel, per diem and allowances, rent, utilities, other operational expenses of the national headquarters; and

(B) to the extent considered necessary by the Secretary of the Air Force to fulfill Air Force requirements, funds for the payment of compensation and benefits for key staff at regional, State, or territorial headquarters;

(9) authorize the payment of expenses of placing into serviceable condition, improving, and maintaining equipment (including aircraft, motor vehicles, computers, and communications equipment) owned or leased by the Civil Air Patrol;

(10) provide funds for the lease or purchase of items of equipment that the Secretary determines necessary for the Civil Air Patrol;

(11) support the Civil Air Patrol cadet program by furnishing—

(A) articles of the Air Force uniform to cadets without cost; and

(B) any other support that the Secretary of the Air Force determines is consistent with Air Force missions and objectives; and

(12) provide support, including appropriated funds, for the Civil Air Patrol aerospace education program to the extent that the Secretary of the Air Force determines appropriate for furthering the fulfillment of Air Force missions and objectives.

(c) Assistance by Other Agencies.—(1) The Secretary of the Air Force may arrange for the use by the Civil Air Patrol of such facilities and services under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, or the head of any other department or agency of the United States as the Secretary of the Air Force considers to be needed by the Civil Air Patrol to carry out its mission.

(2) An arrangement for use of facilities or services of a military department or other department or agency under this subsection shall be subject to the agreement of the Secretary of the military department or head of the other department or agency, as the case may be.

(3) Each arrangement under this subsection shall be made in accordance with regulations prescribed under section 9498 of this title.

(Added Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X, §1090(a)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-296, §9444; amended Pub. L. 107–217, §3(b)(35), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1298; Pub. L. 111–350, §5(b)(54), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3847; renumbered §9494 and amended Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §§806(a)(1), 809(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832, 1840.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232, §806(a)(1), renumbered section 9444 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 115–232, §809(a), substituted "section 9498" for "section 9448".

2011—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 111–350 substituted "division C (except sections 3302, 3501(b), 3509, 3906, 4710, and 4711) of subtitle I of title 41" for "title III of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (41 U.S.C. 251 et seq.)" in introductory provisions.

2002—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 107–217, in introductory provisions, inserted "subtitle I of title 40 and title III of" before "the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949" and substituted "(41 U.S.C. 251 et seq.)" for "(40 U.S.C. 471 et seq.)".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Effective Date

Section effective 120 days after Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1090(c)] of Pub. L. 106–398, set out as a note under section 9491 of this title.

§9495. Funds appropriated for the Civil Air Patrol

Funds appropriated for the Civil Air Patrol shall be available only for the exclusive use of the Civil Air Patrol.

(Added Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X, §1090(a)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-297, §9445; renumbered §9495, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(1), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 9445 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Effective Date

Section effective 120 days after Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1090(c)] of Pub. L. 106–398, set out as a note under section 9491 of this title.

§9496. Miscellaneous personnel authorities

(a) Use of Retired Air Force Personnel.—(1) Upon the request of a person retired from service in the Air Force, the Secretary of the Air Force may enter into a personal services contract with that person providing for the person to serve as an administrator or liaison officer for the Civil Air Patrol. The qualifications of a person to provide the services shall be determined and approved in accordance with regulations prescribed under section 9498 of this title.

(2) To the extent provided in a contract under paragraph (1), a person providing services under the contract may accept services on behalf of the Air Force.

(3) A person, while providing services under a contract authorized under paragraph (1), may not be considered to be on active duty or inactive-duty training for any purpose.

(b) Use of Civil Air Patrol Chaplains.—The Secretary of the Air Force may use the services of Civil Air Patrol chaplains in support of the Air Force active duty and reserve component forces to the extent and under conditions that the Secretary determines appropriate.

(Added Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X, §1090(a)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-297, §9446; renumbered §9496 and amended Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §§806(a)(1), 809(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832, 1840.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232, §806(a)(1), renumbered section 9446 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–232, §809(a), substituted "section 9498" for "section 9448".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Effective Date

Section effective 120 days after Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1090(c)] of Pub. L. 106–398, set out as a note under section 9491 of this title.

§9497. Board of Governors

(a) Governing Body.—The Board of Governors of the Civil Air Patrol is the governing body of the Civil Air Patrol.

(b) Composition.—The Board of Governors is composed of 11 members as follows:

(1) Four members appointed by the Secretary of the Air Force, who may be active or retired officers of the Air Force (including reserve components of the Air Force), employees of the United States, or private citizens.

(2) Four members of the Civil Air Patrol, selected in accordance with the constitution and bylaws of the Civil Air Patrol.

(3) Three members appointed or selected as provided in subsection (c) from among personnel of any Federal Government agencies, public corporations, nonprofit associations, and other organizations that have an interest and expertise in civil aviation and the Civil Air Patrol mission.

(c) Appointments From Interested Organizations.—(1) Subject to paragraph (2), the members of the Board of Governors referred to in subsection (b)(3) shall be appointed jointly by the Secretary of the Air Force and the National Commander of the Civil Air Patrol.

(2) Any vacancy in the position of a member referred to in paragraph (1) that is not filled under that paragraph within 90 days shall be filled by majority vote of the other members of the Board.

(d) Chairman.—The Chairman of the Board of Governors shall be chosen by the members of the Board of Governors from among the members of the Board referred to in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (b) and shall serve for a term of two years. The position of Chairman shall be held on a rotating basis between members of the Board appointed by the Secretary of the Air Force under paragraph (1) of subsection (b) and members of the Board selected under paragraph (2) of that subsection.

(e) Powers.—(1) The Board of Governors shall, subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), exercise the powers granted to the Civil Air Patrol under section 40304 of title 36.

(2) Any exercise by the Board of the power to amend the constitution or bylaws of the Civil Air Patrol or to adopt a new constitution or bylaws shall be subject to approval by a majority of the members of the Board.

(3) Neither the Board of Governors nor any other component of the Civil Air Patrol may modify or terminate any requirement or authority set forth in this section.

(f) Personal Liability for Breach of a Fiduciary Duty.—(1) Subject to paragraph (2), the Board of Governors may take such action as is necessary to limit the personal liability of a member of the Board of Governors to the Civil Air Patrol, or to any of its members, for monetary damages for a breach of fiduciary duty while serving as a member of the Board.

(2) The Board may not limit the liability of a member of the Board of Governors to the Civil Air Patrol, or to any of its members, for monetary damages for any of the following:

(A) A breach of the member's duty of loyalty to the Civil Air Patrol or its members.

(B) Any act or omission that is not in good faith or that involves intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law.

(3) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as rendering section 207 or 208 of title 18 inapplicable in any respect to a member of the Board of Governors who is a member of the Air Force on active duty, an officer on a retired list of the Air Force, or an employee of the United States.

(g) Personal Liability for Breach of a Fiduciary Duty.—(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), no member of the Board of Governors or officer of the Civil Air Patrol shall be personally liable for damages for any injury or death or loss or damage of property resulting from a tortious act or omission of an employee or member of the Civil Air Patrol.

(2) Paragraph (1) does not apply to a member of the Board of Governors or officer of the Civil Air Patrol for a tortious act or omission in which the member or officer, as the case may be, was personally involved, whether in breach of a civil duty or in commission of a criminal offense.

(3) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to restrict the applicability of common law protections and rights that a member of the Board of Governors or officer of the Civil Air Patrol may have.

(4) The protections provided under this subsection are in addition to the protections provided under subsection (f).

(Added Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X, §1090(a)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-298, §9447; renumbered §9497, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §806(a)(1), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232, §806(a)(1), renumbered section 9447 of this title as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Effective Date

Section effective 120 days after Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1090(c)] of Pub. L. 106–398, set out as a note under section 9491 of this title.

§9498. Regulations

(a) Authority.—The Secretary of the Air Force shall prescribe regulations for the administration of this chapter.

(b) Required Regulations.—The regulations shall include the following:

(1) Regulations governing the conduct of the activities of the Civil Air Patrol when it is performing its duties as a volunteer civilian auxiliary of the Air Force under section 9492 of this title.

(2) Regulations for providing support by the Air Force and for arranging assistance by other agencies under section 9494 of this title.

(3) Regulations governing the qualifications of retired Air Force personnel to serve as an administrator or liaison officer for the Civil Air Patrol under a personal services contract entered into under section 9496(a) of this title.

(c) Approval by Secretary of Defense.—The regulations required by subsection (b)(2) shall be subject to the approval of the Secretary of Defense.

(Added Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X, §1090(a)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-299, §9448; renumbered §9498 and amended Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §§806(a)(1), 809(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1832, 1840.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–232, §806(a)(1), renumbered section 9448 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–232, §809(a), substituted "section 9492" for "section 9442".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 115–232, §809(a), substituted "section 9494" for "section 9444".

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 115–232, §809(a), substituted "section 9496(a)" for "section 9446(a)".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Effective Date

Section effective 120 days after Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1090(c)] of Pub. L. 106–398, set out as a note under section 9491 of this title.